Term
|
Definition
| Blueprint for sustainable development first presented in Rio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is no supreme law giver- no higher authority beyond the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that a state has independence and decision making powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-binding treaty that regulates the trade of toxic waste globally. Issue-linkage unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NGO interested in banning the trade of toxic waste globally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defines sustainable development as: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (from Keck, Sinkink) Theory whereby domestic groups that are restricted in their effectiveness at the national level will turn to transnational networks in order to pursue their policy goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in terms of technology transfers, financial transfers, and knowledge transfers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a state to get things done- measured by level of democracy, stability of government, accessible funds ect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The UN's ten principles for good business practice (taking care of your own mess...) |
|
|
Term
| Collective Action Problem |
|
Definition
| Free-rider problem, rational self-interested actors will not act on the interest of the common good. |
|
|
Term
| Convention/Protocol approach |
|
Definition
| treaty has to be ratified, deposited w/ Secretariat, then enters into force, withdrawal clause, iterative component (must meet periodically ex: COP), consensus-building (everybody on board) |
|
|
Term
| Common Pool Resource Assumptions |
|
Definition
1. Agents have equal rights
2. Ownership is held in common
3. Membership cannot be denied
4. Agent use does not correlate to harm endured. |
|
|
Term
| Common Pool Resource Policy Solution Set |
|
Definition
1. Education and scientific consensus
2. Convention/protocol approach
3. Regime Formation
4. Sociality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scott I.R. Theory article... Many states will feel effects of decisions made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ecological worldview sees everything as intricately connected in one large system. All things influence each other. |
|
|
Term
| Kutting- Environmental Effectiveness |
|
Definition
Science (research, disseminate knowledge, epistemic community, un-biased),
time (policy solution fits w/ environmental immediacy, conflicting time cycles, natural systems vs. human systems),
regulatory (third, overseeing party, teeth), and
economic (consider economic implications, causes, impacts, private industry, business community etc., state economic policy) structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific community, group that shares common values and beliefs based on scientific method |
|
|
Term
| GEF- Global Environmental Facility |
|
Definition
| permanently established in Rio to finance global environmental objectives. Primary financial mechanism behind UNFCCC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The act of managing public and private affairs at both individual and institutional levels. In terms of Global Environmental Governance, a concern for the affairs of the global commons. |
|
|
Term
| Speth and Haas on Governance |
|
Definition
included, according to Speth/Haas, are:
intergovernmental relationships
nongovernmental organizations
citizens' movements
multinational corporations
global capital market
states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wangari Maathai, to combat soil erosion due to agriculture in Kenya, encourage women to plant trees on the edges of their fields. ideas of womens empowerment, environmental justice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NGO that seeks non-violent means to end environmental degradation by bearing witness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voting bloc of developing countries: countries will vote together on certain issues and therefore hold certain voting power the "global south" + china |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example: treaty or protocol legally binding agreement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state with system-wide power capabilities. A hegemon creates the particular order under which the world functions because of its power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speth and Haas- when states have membership in overlapping groups or organizations and therefore influence one another a quasi system of checks and balances within the international realm |
|
|
Term
| Implementation (of a treaty) |
|
Definition
| part of process of enacting a treaty, after signing treaty, state has to internalize treaty into domestic law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of decision-making that helps a person decide how to do things by regarding the factors involved in a situation as variables to be controlled cost-benefit analysis |
|
|
Term
| Kutting- Institutional Effectiveness |
|
Definition
| participation by both parties (polluter and polluted) provision for increased scientific knowledge issue linkage (linkage of environmental policy to other policy issues) good will achievement of institutional goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Institutions exert a casual force on international relations, shaping state preferences and lock them in cooperative arangements. |
|
|
Term
| Inter Governmental Organization |
|
Definition
| examples: UNEP, World Health Organization (WHO) a membership organization in which the states are the members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex set of rules and norms to which state actors have agreed in an effort to strengthen international governance |
|
|
Term
| Issues Linkages Assumptions |
|
Definition
1. unintended consequences arise when environmental solutions are sought to deal with externalities to social goods
2. issue linkage requires a knowledge-set about external facts beyond the environment--often requiring discussions of justice, fairness, and equity
3. resolution of the environmental problem requires fundamental structural change in another social institution
4. the higher the level of interdependence in the system, the more troublesome such issues are likely to become; sociality is highly required |
|
|
Term
| Jane Goodall- Four Reasons for Hope |
|
Definition
1. Human Brain
2. Indomitable Human Spirit
3. Resilience of Nature
4. Determination of Young People |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A core international institution, in relation to international law... non-binding int'l. laws, hard vs. soft law (ex: convention = soft law, protocol = hard law) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state's recognized right to make rules & laws; other states must accept the state and its government as legitimate. |
|
|
Term
| Mediterranean Action Plan |
|
Definition
| A regime drafted by states bordering the Mediterranean to address the pollution flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. Seen as ineffective according to Kutting - Scott article, Speth/Haas institutional effectiveness, sociality-building (science was wrong, but they worked together...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A simplification, representation (compartmentalization) of reality - something that needs to be explained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out substances linked to ozone depletion. Considered to be a success. 1987, Vienna Convention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agreement between more than two states, formal binding treaty between multiple states, hard law vs. soft law |
|
|
Term
| Non-Governmental Organization |
|
Definition
| private funding, citizen group, influence on international policy/negotiations, education and awareness, checks and balances, pressure gov't., watch-dog orgs, Karkkainen article (post-sovereign) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emergence- entrepeneurs have a large role. ex: "save the whales campaign," framing, launching pad cascading (proliferation)
-socialization (cascading) and enhanced legitimacy
internalization-recognition of norm as automatic, second nature, part of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A certain stability to the rules that govern actors (through laws, norms, and customs); states are equal legally, but not in their power and capabilities. Even w/o gov't. there is order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of practices, rules and set of questions in a particular discipline at a certain time (i.e. paradigm shift), built w/in model |
|
|
Term
| Political Economist vs Political Ecologist |
|
Definition
| political economist sees human management in the world, to solve a problem, figure out the power structures and shareholders then solve it political ecologist is related to themes of stewardship and community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to affect outcomes |
|
|
Term
| Principle 12 of Stockholm |
|
Definition
| sic utere tuo: you can do whatever you'd like, as long as it does not hurt others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge on a particular area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude (sovereignty) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specifically enacted agreements (internatl. treaty law- if they create a treaty, they accept that they are setby those treaty provisions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standards of conduct and obligations; regularized, accepted behaviors, customs, (each sends similar reps to joint commission on behalf of states |
|
|
Term
| Decision making procedures |
|
Definition
| practices and routines of discussing and implementing policy; joint commission to make decisions, resolve disputes, set goals based on expert advice |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Regime formation |
|
Definition
1. Problem identification, fact finding, agenda setting
2. Negotiation, bargaining, and agreement on actions to be taken
3. Formal adoption
4. Implementation, monitoring, assessment, and strengthening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1992 Earth Summit, UN Conference on the Environment and Development |
|
|
Term
| Sea Shepherd Conservation Society |
|
Definition
| an organization founded by Paul Watson to protect whale species against illegal harvesting. Made famous by their pirate-like activities against Japanese ships. Cited The UN Charter For Nature as their justification for their actions. |
|
|
Term
| Shared Natural Resources Assumptions |
|
Definition
1. the physical or biological resource extends between the boundaries of two or more states
2. the ecosystem can not be divided without harming the integrity of the system |
|
|
Term
| Shared Natural Resources Policy Solution Set |
|
Definition
1. Sociality
2. TAN/NGO action
3. must be certain amount of issue linkage
4. regime formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rachel Carson book about the use of DDT, 1962. Inspired new interest in the environmental movement. Earth Rising photo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common historical, economic, cultural, or political relationship between two states; negotiations and positive outcomes will be more likely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooperate in order to maintain relationships with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooperate in order to build a society governed by env. rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-binding agreements, ex: Vienna Convention, UN Charter for Nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all states are equal in the sense that each can enter into and withdraw from a treaty |
|
|
Term
| Lifton Components of Sovereignty |
|
Definition
| Autonomy, control (ability to control the people and resource) and legitimacy (a state's recognized authority to make rules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sovereign political actor, bounded territory w/ gov't containing group of people considered citizens, supreme authority (are state the solution or the problem? Karkkainen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1972 UN Conference on Human Environment -launched basic principles of international env. law (26 principles) -created UNEP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of decision-making which is subject to values and an appeal to ethical norms (does not take into account outcomes) by doing actions which conform to prevailing norms of behavior socially accepted behaviors self-interested WITHIN conformity of group norms, aka peer pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norms, rules, system of assumptions and accepted principles used to analyze, predict, and explain (and/or change) behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free rider problem (Hardin, Buck, and Feeny) Common Pool Resource problem |
|
|
Term
| Transboundary Externality Assumptions |
|
Definition
1. boundaries are legal and political in nature but a natural resource transcends boundaries and two or more states benefit from the resource (corruptness occurs no matter what--ahem, Nathan Meyer)
2. the upstream (or source) activity that is causing harm occurs entirely within the individual boundary--source pollution comes from one state (wholly) and travels to a different state |
|
|
Term
| Transboundary Externality Policy Solution Set |
|
Definition
1. define the problem: requires ecological awareness and education
2. institutionalize issue through diplomacy and negotiation
3. challenge the normative framework
4. recognize differentiated interests
5. routinize the science and negotiations (which allows for sociality-building) |
|
|
Term
| Transnational Advocacy Network |
|
Definition
scientists, advocates, citizen groups linked together, (ex: WWF? Ship-breaking Platform)
activists, concerned citizens spanning state boundaries, made up of a number, series of local, international NGOs and community activists all advocating certain issue (ex: Ship-breaking Platform) network, web |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at international level, states negotiate, but on domestic level, groups work to influence same international negotiations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used by Sea Shepherds as clout, yet this is totally nonbinding - soft law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
United Nations Environment Programme, headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya,
Mustafa Tolba, 1st director,
result of Stockholm, global south international entity to act as catalyst for environmental action within UN -
develop environmental information and assessment programs -exchange and disseminate data -further internatl. cooperation towards solutions for shared env. probs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convention 1994, Protocol 1997 -called for industrial countries to commit to reductions of greenhouse gases by 2012 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speth and Haas- broadly accepted international norms that can be applied to governed behavior in particular domains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fund research, form advocacy coalitions, lobby, build norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps people abiding by treaty - verify, enforce treaty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Issue-linkage of causes of environmental harm with production, cultural, historical issues. Connections between local and global industries.
Focus on equality, government capacity, high-transparency in regime. Paradigm shifts, re-thinking of traditional approach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International law is not equipped to handle international environmental governance. Proposes new world government agency, IEO. Like UNEP, but with teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opposes Palmer. "mono-lithic" organization, overlapping networks, pluralistic approach. De-centralized, multilateral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Realistic, stresses power, very institutional.
Any sort of agreement between state actors should be a success. (Would not get along with Kutting)
Two-level game - any international law must also be passed in domestic law. -need to develop sociality! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Post-sovereign governance- post-territorial, non-exclusive, non-heirarchical. Less importance placed on states, more on NGOs and other actors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definitions of sovereignty-
autonomy (independence of decision-making),
legitimacy (recognized right to make rules from other states and citizens),
control (power over actions within territory).
States are the only actors that have the ability to affect outcomes. Would not get along with Karkkainen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Managing resources with interstate compacts. Good because they can be tailored to needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can't just look at one time in history and say 'yes' or 'no' to effectiveness. More than just solving the problem, need to look at causes of problem. Relatively institutional, in between Scott and Kutting. |
|
|
