Term
| What major items are needed for an equine radiograph? |
|
Definition
Cassette (10x 12)
Fast screen
Cassette holder
Aprons
Restrainer
Portable x-ray machine |
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Term
| 3 different x-ray machine types for equine? |
|
Definition
Small portable (20 MA/ 80 KVP)
Mobile unit (100/300 MA/ 120 KVP) in clinic
Mounted on rails (1000 MA) |
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Term
| A lower MA means _____ exposure time. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 important safety steps to remember in equine rad: |
|
Definition
Protect personnel first
Take safest view
Avoid views from behind rear legs
Never hold X-ray tube |
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Term
| Why is it so important to label each position in Eq Rad? |
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Definition
| All legs look the same from cannon bone distally on x-ray. |
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|
Term
| Where should the label be placed for a lateral view? |
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Definition
| Either anterior or dorsal side |
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|
Term
| Where should label be placed for a DPa or CrCd view? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 important techniques for equine rad: |
|
Definition
Clean debris
Pack sole w/ play dough if doing hoof x-ray
Views of joint should be wt bearing |
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Term
| Why is special contrast media used? |
|
Definition
Highlight a lesion
Increase contrast of organ
Gives more info than flat (survey) film |
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Term
| Two types of contrast medias and what they look like on film: |
|
Definition
Positive = White
Negative = Black |
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|
Term
| Two agents used for positive contrast: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic iodine is used for ____, ____, & ____. Iodine is also excreted by the _____ and can be given __. |
|
Definition
Excretory urography, Angiography, & Cystography.
Glomeruli
IV |
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Term
| Barium is used to examine the ____ tract and can be given which two ways? |
|
Definition
GI tract
Swallow and Enema |
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|
Term
| Negative contrast agents are: |
|
Definition
Room air
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrous oxide |
|
|
Term
| Which two negative contrast agents are safer because there is a less chance of air emboli? |
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Definition
| Nitrous oxide and Carbon dioxide |
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|
Term
| Negative contrast is used for ___, ___, & ___. |
|
Definition
Pneumocystography (air in bladder)
Double contrast studies
Pneumography (air/gas in abdomen) |
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Term
| When changing the exposure technique w/ contrast media, What should be increased? How much? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Patient should be fasted __ - __ hours for an abdominal study and an enema should be done __ hours prior to x-ray. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 different types of contrast studies? |
|
Definition
- Excretory Urography
- Cystography
- Urethrogram
- Esophagography
- Upper GI
- Double contrast gastrogram
- Barium enema
- Pneumoperitonealogram
- Myelogram
- Non-selective Angiography |
|
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Term
| What contrast study is used to check kidney function and size? And has three phases. |
|
Definition
Excretory Urography
3 phases=
Nephrogram: 0-5 min (vasculature)
Pyelogram: 5-20 min (renal pelvis)
Drainage phase: 20-40 min (ureters) |
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|
Term
| Used to examine bladder wall for abnormalities/tears: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to examine the internal structure of the urethra: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of urethrogram and what do they do? |
|
Definition
-Retrograde: use swans-gan catheter (against natural flow)
-Antergrade: push on bladder w/ wooden spoon (natural flow) |
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|
Term
| Used to examine esophageal function: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to evaluate the stomach and small intestines: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two contraindications of an Upper GI study? |
|
Definition
- Don't use barium if suspected rupture
- Don't use iodine for dehydrated patients |
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Term
| ___ ___ ___ is the same as an Upper GI study but patient must have empty ___. Place the ___ in using a stomach tube then add ___/___. Only do films at __ time. |
|
Definition
Double Contrast Gastrogram
Stomach
Barium
Air/carbon dioxide
0 |
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|
Term
| Barium enema: patient in ____ recumbency, inflate catheter balloon in rectum to seal it for no leakage. Allow barium to flow out rectum/tube when done. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The injection of Carbon Dioxide/Nitrous Oxide into the peritoneal cavity to improve the contrast of organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intro of iodine contrast agent into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___ ___ ___ is having to inject a bolus of iodine contrast agent into a vessel. The film must be taken at the time of ___. This process is effective at identifying _____ and aneurysms. |
|
Definition
Non-selective Angiography
Injection
Occlusions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___ ___ imaging systems replace traditional film with a reusable detector. |
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Definition
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Term
| Uses a photostumulable storage phosphor imaging plate (PSP/IP) typically in a cassette that changes x-ray photons into a latent electronic image. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The detector & reader are a permanent part of the table; cassette not needed. Automatically sends to display monitor to be looked at. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Faster processing
Less rad
Images can be edited (brightness, contrast, magnification)
No need for darkroom, chemicals, processor .. |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of CR & DR: |
|
Definition
Expensive
Ongoing maintenance; maybe support fees |
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Term
| Picture archival computing systems (PACS) is used to: |
|
Definition
| Move images around several computer work stations; single hospital or between them. Stores images permanently. |
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Term
| Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) establishes a |
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Definition
| Universal, standardized public format and protocol for communicating biomedical imaging files. |
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|
Term
| What are 5 types of alternative imaging techniques? |
|
Definition
CT / CAT scan
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Fluoroscopy
Endoscopy
Ultrasound |
|
|
Term
CT / CAT scan stands for:
and uses x-rays to take ___ of the body and rebuilds them back into __ & __ images using a ____ algorithm. |
|
Definition
| Computed tomography; Slices, 2D and 3D, mathematical. |
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|
Term
| Uses the magnetic properties of H+ to produce images of the body. Magnetizes soft tissues. |
|
Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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|
Term
| The application of radio frequency waves to the magnetized tissue causes release of energy picked up & displayed as a slice image on the computer monitor. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Uses x-rays passed through patient and picked up on a ___ screen. Allows real-time visualization, Contrast media can also be monitored. Large amt of rad. |
|
Definition
Fluoroscopy
Fluorescent screen |
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|
Term
| A rigid/flexible tube with a light source, eyepiece, & an additional channel for passing surgical instruments. Visualize interior of hollow organs & collect samples. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures in the body. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Echoes reflected off of structures in the body are converted into electrical signals then displayed on a computer screen. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When certain crystals emit ultrasound frequencies/vibrations when electrically excited, this is called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Acoustic impedance is determined by how well a substance ___ ___. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Acoustic interface is the ___ between two tissues w/ different ___ transmitting properties; causes returning echo. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| One cycle per second is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A million cycles per second is called a: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Diagnostic ultrasound uses sound waves at __ - __ + megahertz. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The transducer produces ultrasound in very short bursts/pulses then listens for returning echoes is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or False: Sound energy will travel a limited distance into tissue before losing its energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three causes of attenuation (loss of power/energy). |
|
Definition
Absorption (in tissues - becomes heat)
Reflection (echo)
Scatter (lost) |
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|
Term
| The ___ the difference in density & composition between two adjoining tissues, the ___ the echo will be. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appearance of fluid on an ultrasound |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Appearance of soft tissue on ultrasound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appearance of bone/stone on ultrasound |
|
Definition
| Bright white edge w/ shadow behind |
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|
Term
| Appearance of gas on an ultrasound |
|
Definition
| White edge w/ shadow/ reverberation artifact |
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|
Term
| Ability to produce echoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces no echoes (no dots) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Produces weak echoes (grey dots) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Produces echoes similar to background echoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces intense echoes (white dots) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of image detail and clarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 transducer frequencies: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low transducer frequency has ___ penetration but ___ resolution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| High transducer frequency has ___ penetration but ___ resolution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ultrasound cannot penetrate through ___, ___, & ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is gel needed between transducer & skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for finding a clear path for sound wave around bones or lungs to get around structures of interest in ultrasound. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Acoustic shadowing is when |
|
Definition
| Ultrasound pulse hits air, bone, or stone. Effective at identifying bladder stones. |
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|
Term
| Distal enhancement happens when |
|
Definition
| Waves are stronger traveling through fluid so they take their time going through the source/structure. Lighter area behind source. Effective at differentiating an abscess from a tumor. |
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|
Term
| ______ happens when imaging the ___. Sound beam hits curved ___ and bounces back into ___ creating a second set of of echoes received by transducer. Second set takes longer and computer paints __ images of same thing on either side of ____. |
|
Definition
Mirror image
Liver
Diaphragm
Liver
Diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Brightness mode; produces still life picture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode used with Echocardiography; ice pick view of heart, accurate measurements of heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common mode; produces moving picture on screen. |
|
Definition
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