Term
| How is the horse's lack of muscles distal to the stifle clinically relevant? |
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Definition
-high potential for injury
-nerves have sensory function |
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Term
| What are the clinical methods of musculoskeletal evaluation? |
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Definition
| -history, visual examination, palpation, hoof tester evaluation, lameness evaluation, diagnostic imaging |
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Term
| Here is a fun one: Name the bones of the equine distal limb. |
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Definition
| -P3(coffin bone), P2(short pastern), P2(ong pastern), navicular(distal sesamoid), proximal sesamoids |
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Term
| Name the joints in the equine distal limb. |
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Definition
| -distal inter-phalangeal, proximal inter-phalangeal, metacarpo/metarso phalangeal |
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Term
| Name the neurovascular structures of the equine distal limb that are clinically relevant. |
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Definition
| -palmar digital vv, palmar digital aa, palmar digital nn |
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Term
| I am not going to pretend that I will memorize these so just read over the list of soft tissue structures in the equine distal limb. |
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Definition
| -sole/sub-solar tissues digital lamina, digital cushion, impar ligament, navicular bursa, DDF tendon, digital sheath, annular ligament, distal sesamoidean ligaments, SDF tendon, CDE tendon, collateral ligaments |
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Term
| What are the components of the neurovascular bundle of the equine digit? |
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Definition
| -palmar digital v, palmar difital a, palmar digital n (medial and lateral) |
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Term
| Why is the neurovascular bundle of the equine digit clinically relevant? |
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Definition
-subject to trauma
-regional limb perfusion
-diagnostic perineural anesthesia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -rubbery wedge-shaped structure positioned b/n the bars |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -two bars on each hoof; on either side of the frog |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -covers the bottom of the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -interconnected lamina that you can see form the bottom of the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -outer surface of the foot |
|
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Term
| Name a few examples of clinical lameness issues that can be caused by hoof imbalance. Which everyday practice can lead to these issues if it goes incorrectly? |
|
Definition
-collateral cartilage ossification
-sub-solar bruising/abscessation
-sheard heels (back of heel is broken)
-caudal heel pain
-osteoarthritis
-tendonitis/desmitis
-pedal osteitis
-often a direct result of improper shoeing |
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Term
| In which way should the heel contact the ground first? |
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Definition
| -flat or slightly heel first |
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Term
| What do we intentionally observe in the lateral plane of an equine digit radiograph to determine hoof balance? |
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Definition
-hoof-pastern axis (straight)
-toe length
-sole depth
-dorsal hoof wall angle
-palmar angle
-break-over point |
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|
Term
| What is the minimum thickness the sole needs for proper vasculature? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do we intentionally observe in a frontal plane of an equine digit radiograph to evaluate hoof balance? |
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Definition
| -coffin bone balance, joint space evaluation, sole depth |
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Term
| Describe the procedure involved in a hoof tester examination. |
|
Definition
-applies pressure to a specific point on the sole and/or hoof wall
-also applied across the frog/heel area to exert pressure to the podotrochlear apparatus
-pressure is repeated at sites of pain response |
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Term
| What are a few common injuries/diseases associated with the sole? |
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Definition
| -sole bruise, sub-solar abscessation, penetrating injuries, thrush, white line disease |
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Term
| Where in the equine digit are sensitive and insensitive lamina? |
|
Definition
-sensitive lamina extends from dorsal surface of P3
-insensitive lamina extends from hoof wall |
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Term
| What is the function of the digital lamina? |
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Definition
| -suspends P3 inside the hoof capsule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the digital lamina that breaks its hold on P3 |
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Term
| What are the clinical results of laminitis? |
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Definition
| -rotation of P3 or sinking of P3 |
|
|
Term
| What are a few conditions that can induce laminits? |
|
Definition
| -endotoxemia, increased weight bearing, colic, dystocia, unilateral leg injury, etc |
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Term
| What are the components of the podotrochlear apparatus? (6) |
|
Definition
-navicular bone
-navicular bursa
-impar ligament
-navicular collateral (suspensory) ligaments
-DDF tendon
-distal inter-phalangeal joint |
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|
Term
| Which diagnostic imaging method is best for visualization of the podotrochlear apparatus? Which is most often used? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What three radiographic images are most commonly taken to evaluate the podotrochlear apparatus? |
|
Definition
-lateromedial
-65 dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique
-45 palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique |
|
|
Term
| How will an impar ligament avulsion present on a radiograph? |
|
Definition
| -displacement of the navicular bone |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Navicular Syndrome |
|
Definition
| -degenerative process to the structures of the podotrochlear apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Pedal osteitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the coffin bone |
|
|
Term
| What are a few clinical concerns regarding P3/coffin bone |
|
Definition
| -pedal osteitis, collateral cartilage ossification, chronic remodeling changes associated with other disease processes (laminitis, poor shoeing), fractures |
|
|
Term
| How many types of P3 fractures are there? Define them. |
|
Definition
-7
-I: wing fracture that doesn't articulate with joint
-II: articular wing fracture
-III: sagittal fracture
-IV: extensor process fracture
-V: convoluted fracture
-VI: solar margin fractures
-VII: solar margin fracture in the wing area |
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|
Term
| Is the distal inter-phalangeal joint a high, mid, or low motion joint? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are some clinical concerns regarding the distal inter-phalangeal joint? |
|
Definition
| -osteoarthritis (low ring bone), articular fractures, collateral ligament injury, subchondral bone cyst, flexural deformities |
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of DIP Flexural Deformity? |
|
Definition
-Stage I: the angle of the dorsal coffin bone is less than 90 degrees
-Stage II: the angle of the dorsal coffin bone is 90 degrees or greater |
|
|
Term
| How do you clinically correct a stage II DIP flexural deformity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the fracture types associated with P2/short pastern bone? (4) |
|
Definition
| -osteochondral, palmar/plantar eminence (uniaxial or biaxial). axial, comminuted (bag of ice) |
|
|
Term
| In which arena of equine medicine are P2 fractures common? |
|
Definition
| -Western performance horses |
|
|
Term
| Is the proximal inter-phalangeal joint high, mid, or low motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are a few clinical concerns regarding the proximal inter-phalangeal joint (pastern)? |
|
Definition
| -osteoarthritis (high ring bone), collateal ligament injury, subchondral cystic lesions (from osteochondrosis) |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Pastern arthrodesis |
|
Definition
| -surgical fusion of the joint by removing all articular cartilage and applying internal fixation to immobilize the articulation allowing bone to replace the joint |
|
|
Term
| For what conditions is pastern arthrodesis used to treat? |
|
Definition
| -OA or articular fracture |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of fractures commonly associated with P1/long pastern bone? |
|
Definition
| -osteochondral chips, axial, comminuted |
|
|
Term
| What types of fractures are common with the long pastern bone/P1? |
|
Definition
| -osteochondral chips, axial, comminuted |
|
|
Term
| Is the metacarpo/metatarso phalangeal joint a high, mid, or low motion joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common fracture types regarding the metacarpo/metarso phalangeal joint? |
|
Definition
| -osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis lesions, fractures, colalteral ligament |
|
|
Term
| If swelling is in front of suspensory ligament it is in joint, if behind then it is sin the tendoon sheath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the function(s) of the suspensory apparatus? |
|
Definition
-supports the fetlock joint
-provides a substantial amount of stored energy for locomotion |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The proximal sesamoid bones are a common site of injury in most horses, excluding performance horses. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, occurs in performance horses |
|
|
Term
| From where do all of the distal sesamoidean ligaments originate? |
|
Definition
| -the distal aspect of the PSBs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 distal sesamoidean ligaments? Where do they insert? |
|
Definition
1) Straight SL: inserts on palmar/plantar aspect of P2
2) Oblique SL: inserts on mid palmar/plantar aspect of P1
3) Cruciate SL: insert on the proximal palmar/plantar aspect of P1 in a crisscross fashion |
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of injuries are the distal sesamoidean ligaments predisposed to? |
|
Definition
| -hyperextension injury of the pastern/fetlock region |
|
|
Term
| What are the common types of suspensory apparatus disruption? |
|
Definition
| -biaxial sesamoid fracture, biaxial suspensory branch, DSL rupture, fetlock luxation, neurovascular damage |
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