Term
| How many pairs of ribs does the horse have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristic does the caudal slope of the ribs give the chest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the relative sizes of the ribs & IC spaces in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Short, relatively immobile |
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Term
| Which way does the sternum tilt? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the craniodorsal tilt of the sternum affect the area & volume of the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what level is the caudal angle of the scapula in the standing animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the point of the elbow in the standing animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What m. covers the first 5 ribs as well as part of the scapula & humerus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shape & slope of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Dome-shaped, Cranioventral slope |
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Term
| What is the most Cr part of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the vertex of the diaphragm located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The diaphragm attaches to the cartilages of ribs _____, _____, & _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the R crus of the diaphragm attach? |
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Definition
| First 4 or 5 L vert via V Longitudinal lig. |
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Term
| Where does the left crus of the diaphragm attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the sternal part of the diaphragm attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the line on which parietal pleura reflects from thoracic wall to the Cr surface of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Costodiaphragmatic Line of Pleural Reflection |
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Term
| Where does the needle enter Cr to the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the needle enter Cd to the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should the thorax be punctured for fluid withdrawal? (Thoracocentesis) |
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Definition
| Lower/Middle 7th ICS, 5cm D to olecranon, or just D to superficial thoracic v. |
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Term
| Where does the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection begin, cranially? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection end, caudally? |
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Definition
| Proximal end of 18th (last) rib |
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Term
| What is the most Cr part of the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| On which side does the cupula pleurae extend beyond the 1st rib in the horse? [In the dog?] |
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Definition
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Term
| How many sacs make up the cupula pleurae? (____) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the narrow space bordered immediately by the diaphragm & thoracic wall? |
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Definition
| Costodiaphragmatic recess |
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Term
| Describe the costodiaphragmatic recess |
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Definition
| Narrow & extensive, w/in the thoracic cage |
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Term
| How many zones are in the mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the mediastinum. |
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Definition
| Thin & Delicate, poorly supported by sub-pleural CT |
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Term
| Which part of the mediastinum is fenestrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 zones of the mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lungs of the horse. |
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Definition
| Non-lobated, Poorly lobulated |
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Term
| What separates the Cr portion of each lung from the rest of the lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the arbitrary lobes of the L lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the arbitrary lobes of the R lung? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| From where to where does the cardiac notch of the L lung extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where to where does the cardiac notch of the R lung extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cardiac notch is shorter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the caudoventral border of the lung field? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where to where does the basal border of the lung extend? |
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Definition
| 5th costochondral junction to D end of 17th (penultimate) rib or ICS |
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Term
| What is the nature of the caudoventral border of the lung field in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Cr border of the lung field? |
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Definition
| Cd edge of triceps brachii (Tricipital line) |
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Term
| What is the D border of the lung field? |
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Definition
| L edge of epaxial mm. (Line btw tuber coxae & Cd angle of scapula) |
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Term
| Size-wise, on a comparative basis, how large is the lung field in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ribs are included in the lung field of the ox? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what part of the mediastinum does the heart lie? |
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Definition
| V part of Middle Mediastinum |
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Term
| Is the heart in the thoracic cavity or the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
| Neither, it is in the mediastinum |
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Term
| What is the direction of the long axis of the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the position of the heart in relation to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Directly Cr to V part of diaphragm |
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|
Term
| What holds the heart in place? |
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Definition
| Great blood vessels & Sternopericardiac lig. |
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Term
| What is the homologue of the sternopericardiac lig. in the dog? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the sternopericardiac lig. of the horse. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the great blood vessels? |
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Definition
| Aorta, Cr VC, Cd VC, Brachiocephalic trunk |
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|
Term
| How much of the height of the thoracic cavity does the heart occupy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the heart displaced to the R or L? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the heart located, topographically? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the Cr & Cd borders of the heart be distinguished? |
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Definition
| Cr: Convex; Cd: slightly Concave (pressed against diaphragm) |
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Term
| What is the part of the annulus fibrosus that surrounds the aorta that contains 2 irregularly shaped cardiac cartilages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 irregularly shaped cardiac cartilages in the horse that never ossify? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which coronary a. is dominant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the L subclavian a. derive from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the R coronary a. supply? |
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Definition
| Interventricular septum & part of LV |
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|
Term
| What is the major v. of the heart? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the great coronary v. open into the RA? |
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Definition
| Orifice of the coronary sinus |
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Term
| How do the minor coronary vv. open into the chambers of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What v. drains most of the thoracic wall & part of the L area? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the point of maximum auscultation, not normally felt on palpation in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is percussion of the heart done in the horse? |
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Definition
| Where the heart makes direct contact w/ the thoracic wall |
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|
Term
| What is the dullness perceived on percussion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done to obtain heart sounds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first heart sound? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second heart sound? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What area is used for auscultation of the heart? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the location of the pulmonary valve? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the aortic valve? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the L AV valve? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the R AV valve? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be seen in aged horses, w/o affecting valvular efficiency? |
|
Definition
| Nodular outgrowth & Fenestrations |
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|
Term
| What is the position of the esophagus compared to the trachea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the muscular coat of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
| Striated up to the heart, Smooth thereafter |
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|
Term
| What is the position of the trachea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the trachea bifurcate? |
|
Definition
| Over the base of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Is the R or L bronchus larger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensive in young, restricted to V part of Cr mediastinum in older animals |
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|
Term
| Which n. is thought to be associated w/ laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the lnn. of the horse. |
|
Definition
| Many ,sm., grape-like clusters |
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|
Term
| Where are the intercostal lnn? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cr mediastinal lnn.? |
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Definition
| Along length of the esophagus, trachea @ thoracic inlet region |
|
|
Term
| Where are the middle mediastinal lnn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the pulmonary lnn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the pulmonary lnn drain? |
|
Definition
| Into the tracheobronchial nodes |
|
|
Term
| Where are tracheobronchial lnn? |
|
Definition
| Along trachea & primary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cd mediastinal lnn? |
|
Definition
| Associated w/ esophagus & aorta |
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|
Term
| Describe the Cd mediastinal lnn. |
|
Definition
| Poorly developed or absent |
|
|
Term
| Where should pericardiocentesis be done in the standing animal? |
|
Definition
| 4th ICS, level of costochondral junction |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the L tracheobronchial ln is enlarged? |
|
Definition
| Pressure on the L recurrent laryngeal n., pressed against pulsating aorta --> n. degeneration & paralysis of most intrinsic mm. of larynx, incl. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, excl. cricothyroideus --> Roaring |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m? |
|
Definition
| The only dilator of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| What conceals the Cd 1/2 of the ext. jugular v? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What thin m. lies M to the jugular v. in the Cr 1/2 of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can happen from an accidental inj. into the common carotid a.? |
|
Definition
| Fatal (Brain damage, collapse) |
|
|
Term
| What a. should be avoided when injecting into the jugular v? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nn. should be avoided when injecting into the jugular v? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal n & vagosympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the vagosympathetic trunk is damaged? |
|
Definition
| Horner's Syndrome (lack of sympathetic innervation of the head) |
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to the recurrent laryngeal n? |
|
Definition
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