Term
| What are some important factors to consider when setting up a horse stud w/regards to biosecurity? |
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Definition
-Ensure that all horses coming on to the property are up to date with vaccinations and worming, worm and vacc if not up to date
-Ideally isolation of new arrivals for 20-30 days to ensure that horses are disease free
-All new arrivals need to be identifuable (tags/brands)
-Regular monitoring of animals in isolation for signs of disease
-Isolation yards should be at the entrance to the property and the isolation yards should be away from the other yards to prevent direct contact |
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Term
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Definition
| 'Animal' diseases that are transmissible to humans |
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Term
| How would you approach a possible Hendra case? |
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Definition
I wouldn't
Get history (poss exposure, clinical signs, duration and progression) as well as vaccination history (can be found on the Hendra Vacc register)
Don't approach the horse until you have to and make sure you protect yourself (mask, gloves, overalls, eye protection, gumboots) as the virus can be found in all body fluids. Thankfully, hendra is rather fragile and can be killed by detergents/soaps. Iodine and chlorhex will make light work of it.
If hendra is suspected, then the horse should be isolated (don't move the horse if you can help it though) and tested before you o anything else.
Test for hendra involves taking nasal, oral and rectal swabs for PCR testing as well as a full tube of EDTA blood for PCR and viral isolation and serum for serology
Consider taking duplicate samples |
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Term
| What samples would you take for hendra testing from a dead horse? |
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Definition
| Same as from living. Do not need to do a full necropsy |
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Term
| What are the regs for the hendra vaccine? |
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Definition
Administering vet must be accredited
Horse must be microchipped so it can go on the register |
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Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for Hendra? |
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Definition
| Horses can be vacc from 4 months of age, 2 vaccines, 3 weeks apart and then 6 monthly boosters |
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Term
| What is the type of vaccine and reported efficacy of the hendra vacc? |
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Definition
Vacc type: the vaccine is made of one of the glycoproteins from the virus, does not contain live, killed or inactivated virus
Efficacy: 100% in experimental and 'real-world' situations where horses received a lethal dose of virus |
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Term
| Which horses are most commonly affected by strangles? |
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Definition
| Young horses are most at risk, clinical signs develop 3-8 days after infection. |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of strangles? |
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Definition
Swelling and abscessation of the throat region is the most common and indicative sign, however less severe cases may only show nasal discharge.
The first presenting signs are a high fever and depressions, after this the lymph node swellings develop, causing difficulty eating and swallowing. Eventually the abscess will burst and pus will come out. It will be nasty. |
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Term
| How do you treat strangles? |
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Definition
Anti-inflammatories are useful to reduce the swelling and fever, antibiotics should be considered on an individual basis, as the antibiotic doesn't often penetrate the abscess well.
So treatment is mostly symptomatic |
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Term
| What are some of the complications associated with strangles infection? |
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Definition
Bastard strangles - the infection may spread to other parts of the body and cause abscesses elsewhere, this condition is often difficult or impossible to treat. It is often fatal
Also, persistent infection may remain in the guttural pouch and cause sporadic disease
Purpura haemorrhagica (aseptic necrotising vasculitis) can occur in horses vacc after exposure or second infection in adults. TX with corticosteroids |
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Term
| How do you prevent strangles? |
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Definition
Vaccination and biosecurity! Vaccinate starting at 12 weeks of age (3 doses in total, 2 weeks apart each) and then yearly. Mares should be have boosters 2-6 weeks prior to foaling
Biosecurity - passed on through respiratory excretions than can be in water and passed through nose to nose contact. So make sure no odd horses come poking around and any new horses are vaccinated |
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Term
| How many fucks do I have left to give? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you differentiate between contagious and opportunistic respiratory infections? |
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Definition
| An opportunistic infection will be one that is comprised of a normally occurring micro-organism. It is able to grow and colonise because the immune system is compromised in come way, systemic illness, drug treatment, damage to physical defenses |
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Term
| What are some bacterial respiratory infections? |
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Definition
| Streptococcus zooepidemicus, equi, pneumoniae, strangles, pasteurella, e coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, clostridium |
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Term
| Name some fungal respiratory infections |
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Definition
| Pneumocystis, aspergillus (most common) |
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Term
| Viral respiratory infections? |
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Definition
| Equine herpes virus 2 and 4, rhinovirus, equine influenza, hendra |
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Term
| What samples should you collect when investigating an infectious respiratory disease? |
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Definition
Nasal swabs, tracheal wash, bloods, nasopharyngeal wash
Swabs and washed for PCR and culture, bloods for herpes virus and serology |
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Term
| How can you differentiate between vaccinated and hendra infected horses? |
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Definition
DIVA test - Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals test.
Not yet validated or freely available, but can be used in special circumstances.
Also, the Hendra vaccination register should have all vaccinated horses details on there |
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Term
| Give details of phenylbutazone (dose, use, administration, route of administration) for horses |
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Definition
NSAID
Can be given orally or IV. IM is available, but uncommon
2.2mg/kg orally (BID for 4 days, or SID for 7 days) is a safe dose for chronic use, 4.4mg/kg should only be used only for very short term treatments |
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Term
| Give details of flunixin (dose, use, administration, route of administration) for horses |
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Definition
NSAID
IV, IM, oral
1.1mg/kg for all
It's pretty safe, but watch out for gastric ulcers |
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Term
| Procaine penicillin details (route of administration, dosage, use) |
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Definition
Tx of streptococcal infections and anaerobic infections
Give IM NOT IV!!!
25mg/kg |
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Term
| Gentamicin details (route of administration, dosage, use) |
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Definition
Staphlococcal and gram negative infections
IV, IM, SC
5-7mg/kg SID |
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Term
| What plants can cause cardiac failure in horsies? |
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Definition
Tyrptamine alkaloids (phalaris grasses)
Taxine alkaloids (yew tree)
Tropane alkaloids (Field bindweed, Thornapples, Angels trumpet, Poison corkwood)
Piperidine alkaloids (hemlock)
Quinolizidine Alkaloids (lupins, English Broom)
Cyanogenic glycoside (Sorghums, Johnson Grass, spotted fuchsia)
Cardiac glycosides (Oleander,Rubber Vine, mother of millions, cotton bush, foxglove)
Calcinogenic glycosides (day jasmine)
Lectins (castor oil plant)
Thiaminase (Braken, Nardoo)
Croften Weed and Mistflower
Nightshades
Avacado
Privets |
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Term
| What clinical signs do tryptamine alkaloids cause? |
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Definition
| Acute sudden death, or sudden unwellness then ataxia then death |
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Term
| Taxine alkaloids cause what clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Sudden death, usually within 1 hour of ingestion |
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Term
| What clinical signs do tropane alkaloids cause? |
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Definition
| Loss of appetite, increased HR and RR, excessive thirst and dialted pupils. Death occurs within min-hrs from ruptured stomach or respiratory paralysis or heart failure. |
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Term
| Piperidine alkaloids cause which clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Aka Hemlock, causes ataxia, racing heart, dilated pupils, drooling, respiratory failure |
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Term
| Quinloizadine alkaloids cause which clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Tremors, ataxia, respiratory failure |
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Term
| Cyanogenic glycosides cause which clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Tachypnoea and cardia, brick red MM, convulsions, coma, resp failure |
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Term
| Cardiac glycosides cause which clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Colic, lethargy, weakness, weak pulse, abnormal heart beat, sweating, cold extremities, death from heart failure |
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Term
| What clinical signs are associated with lecting (castor oil) toxicity? |
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Definition
| Dilated pupils, hypovolaemic shock, weight loss, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, colic |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of thiaminase toxicity? |
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Definition
| Arched back stance, ataxia, weight loss, pulse fast and weak |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of cardiac glycosides? |
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Definition
| Cold extremities, cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, abdominal pain, ataxia |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity? |
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Definition
| Polyuria, haemoconcentration, hypovolemic shock, dyspnoea, ataxia, muscle weakness, reduced athletic performance, cardiac failure, unthriftiness |
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Term
| What clinical signs are associated with acute respiratory failure in horses? |
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Definition
| Nasal discharge, pyrexia, tachycardia, cyanosis, increased pulse tachypnoea |
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