Term
|
Definition
| A tissue graft transferred b/w two members of the same Species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue graft transferred from one area to another on the body of one animal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue graft transferred from one member of one species to a member from another species., |
|
|
Term
| Types of free tissue graft |
|
Definition
Island graft - punch, pinch or tunnel.
Sheet graft - full or semi thickness |
|
|
Term
| physiology of graft acceptance? |
|
Definition
1.adhereance - bia fibrin initally and collagen- with vessels and fibroblasts growing in d5
2. plasmatic imbibition - graft becomes oedematous as it gains nourishment passively from open vessels
3. Revascularisation -
Inosculation - after 48hrs capillaries or recip bed transverse and anastomose with graft
Neovascularistion - new vessels of recip bed form and join with the graft
4. Vascular bridging - allows an overlying non vascular protion of the graft to be vascularised |
|
|
Term
| 3 most comon reasons for graft failure |
|
Definition
Infection,
Movement
Fluid accumulation beneath graft |
|
|
Term
| Common sites to take a pinch graft from |
|
Definition
| neck, pectorials and perineum |
|
|
Term
| Common sites to take a punch graft from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages od Island skin grafting? |
|
Definition
| little expertise, no soecial equipment neededm recip bed status not critical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non adherent dressing and bandage |
|
|
Term
| Causes of pruritis in horses |
|
Definition
Lice - winter aka Damalinia
mites - Choroptes equie - leg mites
Insect iritiation |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of pediculosis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Mites in horses? |
|
Definition
Fipronil
or systemic arcaricides - ivermectin |
|
|
Term
Sweet itch in horses
Treatment |
|
Definition
a hypersensitivity reactin type 1 and 4 to culicoides midges
Teat with corticosteroids
antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| Rain scald - what is it and the treament? |
|
Definition
Dermatophilosis congelensis infection - gram +ve anaerobe
Causes exudtive dermatitis over the back area
Treat with - crust removal and washing with dilute cholorhexidine
Keep them dry |
|
|
Term
| Possible treatment options for equine sarcoids? |
|
Definition
conventional surgery
Cryosurgery
Laser surgery
ligation
chemotherapy
AW4 Ludes cream
Radiotherapy
immunotherpy
leave alone |
|
|
Term
Paranasal Sinusitis?
Types, what is it? |
|
Definition
Infection of the paransal sinuses
Primary:- following an URT infection eg fungal
and secondary:- due to an infection of an associated structures - eg infection of a tooth root, trauma to facial bones, expanding mass
Young horses - often have 1y and older horses often have 2y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
discharge from one nostril - unilateral sinuses or nasal cavity
Both nostrils if - gutteral pouch, nasopharynx
Lungs |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of paransal sinusitis? |
|
Definition
persistant nasal discharge - purulent
enlarged submandicular LNs
obstructed outflow
facial distortion
halitosis
head tilt
reduced resonance to sinus percusion |
|
|
Term
| what would you see on imaging of the sinuses? |
|
Definition
- Increased opacity
fluid lines |
|
|
Term
| When culturing bacteria from primary and secondary sinusitis - what would you expect? |
|
Definition
Primary - Beta heamolytic streps
Secondary - multiple |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of paranasal sinusitis? |
|
Definition
lavage
broad spec Ab - penicillin
Removal of causative - if primary sinusitis
eg antifungals like fluconizole |
|
|
Term
| insipidated pus in the ventral conchal sinus |
|
Definition
occurs when sinusitis fails to resolve
remove the ventral conchal bulla and flush out |
|
|
Term
| best type of standing sedation in horses? |
|
Definition
| detomidine and butorphanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidermal inclusion cyst in the nasal diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease in horses |
|
Definition
discharge
noises - at rest or inspiratory at exercise
dysphagia
cough |
|
|
Term
| pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplsia? |
|
Definition
Diffuse inflammation - immune responce due to exposure of infection
young horse problem
Tx - with rest and NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucosa ventral to the aryepiglottic folds can become displaced above the epiglottis
causes cough and exercise intolerance
Dx - endoscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
big cause of reduced performance in horses
One side - usually the left arytenoid cartilage wont abduct because it is paralysed
- neurogenic muscle atrophy
damage or dysfunction to the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| causes of laryngeal hemiplegia? |
|
Definition
genetic
damage to the nerve
- eg perivascular injections |
|
|
Term
| best surgical option for laryngeal hemiplegia? |
|
Definition
| tie back aka laryngoplasty |
|
|
Term
| two types of dorsally displaced soft palate (ddsp) |
|
Definition
intermittent - expiratory noiseand only occurs at high speeds
Permanent - reduced performance, dysphagia
secondary to neurological problems |
|
|
Term
| surgical treatment of DDSP? |
|
Definition
| tie forward - to lift the larxyn rostral and dorsal |
|
|
Term
ddx for epistaxis in horses
at rest
at exercise
after trauma |
|
Definition
Rest - gutteral pouch mycosis, ethnoidal heamatoma, nasal polyp
Exercise - Exercise induced pulmonary heamorhage
Trauma - sinus trauma1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recurrent airway obstruction
non infectious LRT dz
likely a hypersensitivity responce from inhaling some forn of allergen in dust
so get a neutrophil influx and bronchospasm
Disease is permanent but clincal signs are recurrent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subtle
cough
Discharge
ecpiratory effort
nostril flaring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduce inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, viscosity etc
treat any obstruction
prevent reoccurance
environmental change/management
drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta-1 agonists allow easy breathing by prevent bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses? |
|
Definition
young athletic horses usually
will have exercise intolerance, cough, increased respiratory secretions
Simialar treatment to heaves
Multifactorial causes - viral, environmental, bacterial etc |
|
|
Term
| differentials for a coughing horse? |
|
Definition
RAO
IAD
URT inflammation or irritation
flu, herpes
Dysphagia
Strangles
Bacterial pneumonia
Parasitic pnumonia
FB |
|
|
Term
Exercise induced pulmonary heamorrhage?
EIPH |
|
Definition
follows strenuous exercise
pathological and physiological factors contribute
assoc with poor performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NONE?!
Post exercise epistaxis
poor performance
abnormal lung sounds/?? |
|
|
Term
Diagnosis?
Treatment of EIPH? |
|
Definition
Dx - endoscopy
Bal
Tx - reduce haemorrhage, rest for a couple of weeks
change training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equine Influenza vax policy? |
|
Definition
1st - jag 1
1 month later - jag2
6 months later - jag 3
1 year later - jag 4 and annually after this |
|
|
Term
| name the 4 heart sounds and what they correlate to? |
|
Definition
S1, S2, S3, S4
s1 - lub - when the AV valves close
s2 - dub - when the semilunar vlaves close
s3 - lu - when ventricals fill
s4 - de - when the ventricals contract |
|
|
Term
| conditions that cause a non pathological dysrythmis in a horse? |
|
Definition
2nd degree AV block
Sinus block
ventricular premature beat
Atrial premature beat
sinus arrythmia |
|
|
Term
| Pathological dysrythmias? |
|
Definition
3rd degree AV block
Atrial fibrillation
atrial and ventricular premature contractions - APC / VPC
ventricular Tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What dysrythmias give a normal heart rate? |
|
Definition
atrial fibriliation
APC and a VPC |
|
|
Term
| what is a sinoatrial block? |
|
Definition
| when the SA node doesnt fire so you get a bradyarrythmia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serious - horse will collapse
fluttering - no definite beat
Lots of P waves over and over again
Atria and ventricals are completely dissociated |
|
|
Term
| aetiology of 2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks? |
|
Definition
Electrolyte imblanaces
AV node disease - Degenerative or inflammatory
Digitalis toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular premature contractions? |
|
Definition
normal rate but irregular rhythm
Wider QRS complex
Ventricals are contracting under their own influence away from the sa node
No P wave |
|
|
Term
| Causes of tachydysrythmias? |
|
Definition
APC ir VPC
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial Fibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal ish rate but chaotic rhythm. no detectable s4
(de) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quinidine sulphate at 2hr intervals
Only 5 doses max - toxic |
|
|
Term
| management and treatment of quinidine sulphate treatment for AF? |
|
Definition
| stop using it and give mineral oil to try and reduce the absorption |
|
|
Term
| Outcome of quinidine sulohate treatment toxicity that can be seen on ECG? |
|
Definition
| torsades des pontes - give magnesium sulphate IV this blocks calcium channels |
|
|
Term
| Causes of ventricular tachydysrythmias? |
|
Definition
myocardial hypoxia
electrolyte derangement
myocardial inflammation
2y to endotoxaemia |
|
|
Term
| functional murmurs without organic heart disease? |
|
Definition
young fit athletic horses
less than grade 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Murmurs due to decreased viscosity of the blood which cuases increased turbulance due to something like anaemia |
|
|
Term
common systolic pathological murmurs in horses?
Diastolic? |
|
Definition
Systolic - tricuspid valve regurgitation
mitral Valve insufficiency
VSD
Diastolic - aortic insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| Mitral valve insufficiency loudest on which side |
|
Definition
left side
Will hear/feel a buzzing |
|
|
Term
Tricuspid valve insufficiency loudest on which side
Sequale of this? |
|
Definition
Right hand side
rarely affects performance
would get a jugular pulse with each heart beat
If it were left to get worse - RA dilation - atrial fibrillation, jugular pulsation, ventral oedema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loudest on the RHS
Not suitable for breeding |
|
|
Term
Aortic insufficiency - loudest on which side?
Affects on this tyoe of murmur? |
|
Definition
left hand side
Can cause a reducd performance due to LV hypetrophy which means a reduced CO
leadin to pulmonary hypertension which actually lead to RHS heart issues too |
|
|
Term
| Most common valve to be predisposed to bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
Aortic
mitral
tricuspid
pulomary |
|
|
Term
| Pre surgery considerations when aboout to castrate a stallions/colt? |
|
Definition
tetanus prophylaxis
Antibiotcs
NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| what are the options for castrating horses? |
|
Definition
Standing open
closed
Semi closed
Laproscopic |
|
|
Term
| Standing castration things to do/know? |
|
Definition
| done under standing sedation and local anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Close castation considerations/must dos |
|
Definition
MUST be done under general anesthetic
dont incise through the tunic! |
|
|
Term
| post castration considerations in horses? |
|
Definition
Exercise - 2-3 weeks of pasture rest/walk a couple of times a day
no exposure for 3-4 weeks |
|
|
Term
| complications that can occur with castration in horses? |
|
Definition
heamorrhage
eventration
infection
oedema
schirrous cord
tetanus
cystic cord
Champignon |
|
|
Term
| excess haemorrhage - source of the blood, what to tell the owners, how to treat? |
|
Definition
from the testicular artery,
tell the owner to count the drips
Treatment -go back and re emasculate or pack the scrotum or clamp/ligate the bleeder if can find it - under GA |
|
|
Term
| Evisceration of small intestine after castration in a horse? |
|
Definition
Potentially fatal! - seen 4-6hrs after
Sling it up - belly band or something
AB and NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| oedema after castration of a horse, why, avoidance, relief? |
|
Definition
occurs to almost all castrations
Avoided by - large scrotal incision and vigorous exercise post sx
Relieve - cold hosing, exercise, NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
staph aureus infection causing micro abscess to form on the cord
Open castration may predispose
Usually due to contaminated emasculators or ligature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a persistant strep infection leading to excess granulation tissue
Treatment - to resect the affected portion. |
|
|
Term
| Peritonitis is characterised by? |
|
Definition
>10000 cells 0 but this is a common occurance after even the most routine castration for the forst few days
- non septic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid build up within the tunic
just incise the skin a little further back and disect the vaginal tunic to allow the fluid to drain and it should self resolve |
|
|
Term
| gestation length of horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| placental or Cl p4 for most of the pregnancy? - |
|
Definition
placentak
chorioepithelial diffuse placenta |
|
|
Term
| what are the stages leading up to parturition in a horse? |
|
Definition
48hrs before - fetal ACTH released, then increased cortisol - leads to change in hormone level in the mare - reduced p4 and incresased e2
Then increased oT AND RELAXin and parturiiom |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cuase of abortion? |
|
Definition
placental dysfunction
then non infectious causes and then infectious causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the placenta usually from an ascending infection from breeding time
strep zooepidemicus |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for placentitis? |
|
Definition
age - increased
BCS- poor
poor perineal conformation
breed |
|
|
Term
| Clincial signs of placentitis? |
|
Definition
vulval discharge
risk of foal getting septicaemia |
|
|
Term
| Infectious causes of abortion in horses? |
|
Definition
Herpes virus 1
EVA - viral arteritis
leptospirosis
neonatal sepsis |
|
|
Term
| non infectious causes of abortion in horses? |
|
Definition
twinning
placental issues
mare issues - nutrition etc |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of partutition in a horse? |
|
Definition
1. Prep for expulsion - fetus positions and relxaing occurs - can occur as early as 24hrs before foaling
2. Expulsion - rupture of corioallantois
3. fetal membrane expulsion |
|
|
Term
| things that can help you predict the gestation length? |
|
Definition
dates
mammary gland secretions |
|
|
Term
dystocia in a horse?
Causes? |
|
Definition
Emergency!
Fetal malpresentation/position/posture
disproportion
twinning
uterine torsion
Hydrops |
|
|
Term
| What do you do in cases of dystocia in horses? |
|
Definition
15 mins assisted
clea perineum and then give an epidural bw c1 and c2
sedate
lubrication, |
|
|
Term
| malposition, presentation and posture - meanings? |
|
Definition
malposition - upside down or right way up
presentation - cross wise
posture - breech etc |
|
|
Term
| post parturient complications? |
|
Definition
haemorrhage
RFM
uterine tear |
|
|
Term
| resus of a new born foal? |
|
Definition
remove membranes and dry with towls
clear airway and tactile stimualtion
If breathing but bradycardic - 8L of oxygen intranasal
If not brathing - intubate and provide IPPV 40-60breaths a min
if heart rate less than 40 - cardiac compressions over the heart bse
and adrenaline if remains low HR |
|
|
Term
| Target HR and RR xwhen resussing a new born foal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of a premature and dysmature foal? |
|
Definition
slower to stand and suck,
post prandial colic
slow resp rate |
|
|
Term
| What is perinatal asphyxiation syndrome? |
|
Definition
imparied utero-placental perfusion which leads to poor tissue oxygenation which then leads to multiple organ failure
onset occurs within a few hour of birth
first you see neuro signs and then cerebral dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| ddx for perinatal asphyxia syndrome? |
|
Definition
premature foal
menigitis/Septicaemia |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia syndrome? |
|
Definition
| complete sudden loss of the suck relfex |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of death in foals less than seven days old? clinical signs? |
|
Definition
septicaemia
Clincial signs - off suck , hypoglycaemia, toxic neutrophilia, pyrexia |
|
|
Term
| treament of neonatal septicaemia? |
|
Definition
| respiratoey support and antibiotics, ivft |
|
|
Term
| mares reproductive cycle? |
|
Definition
seasonally polyoestrous
in responce to increasing daylight/length - so cycle through the summer
cycle length is between |
|
|
Term
| what factors may have an effect on the mares cycle? |
|
Definition
day length
weight/condition
health
temperature
food supply |
|
|
Term
| how long do oetrous signs persist before ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methods to control oestrous cycle of horses? |
|
Definition
| Lighting - 16hrs light and 8hrs dark |
|
|
Term
| when can you PD a mre from? |
|
Definition
early PD - 14/15/16
allows recognition if non pregnant mare also
Later PD - d32-34 |
|
|
Term
| 3 main methods of PD'ing horses? |
|
Definition
daily teasing
ultrasound and rectal
Hormone assays - ECG (from d80-120) and E2 (from day100) |
|
|
Term
| if there are twins by how many days oldcan you squish them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three sections of a stallions ejaculate? |
|
Definition
Pre ejaculatory fraction
Sperm rich fraction
gel fraction |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for the embryo to reach the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of AI in horses? |
|
Definition
increase the genetic pool
Increased choice of stallions
more regulation of diseases
increased safety |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of AI in horses? |
|
Definition
increased cost and skills
paperwr=ork
freezing etc - may not sit well with some stallions semen and transport has to be well set up for this type of thing |
|
|
Term
| what sort of things are used for semen extending? |
|
Definition
egg yolk
skin milk base
plus nutrients amd sugars and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| susceptible mares will often have a persistant endometritis for 48hrs post mating - what are the complications of this? |
|
Definition
not a viable environment for the fetus
Due to inflammatory mediators - causing prostaglandin release = will cuase luteolysis and so the mare will come back onto heat 10-12 days later |
|
|
Term
| Treatment options for these horses? |
|
Definition
antibiotics - TMPS
Uterine lavage
oxytocin
steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one testicle has failed to completely descend |
|
|
Term
| what types of cryptorchid are there? |
|
Definition
complete abdominal - whole testicle is retained in the abdomen
Partial abdominal - only the epididymis has descended
Inguinal cryptorchid - teste retained in the inguinal cavity aka high flanker |
|
|
Term
| what is the signoficance of a cryptorchid? |
|
Definition
sterility - unilateral can be subfertile - reduced sperm production
hereditary - so ideal not to breed from these animals
reduced testosterone production |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of failure of descent of the testes? |
|
Definition
| failure of the gubernaculum - which a the tendonous muscle that develops near the kidney and causes decent of the testes |
|
|
Term
| what hormonal assays can be used to diagnose if a horse is trueley monorchid or cryptorchid> |
|
Definition
androgens and estrogens
both levels in the serum will be higher in a stallions and cryptorchids than geldings |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone levls for hormonal assays/ |
|
Definition
in a rig:-
Testosterone - concentration before and after HCG admin will be >100pg/ml
gelding <40 |
|
|
Term
| Oestrogen sulphate levels for hormonal assays? |
|
Definition
Oestrogen sulphate - high level of incidence with thi levels and resence of testicular tissue so
:-gelding levels
<50pg/ml
:_ rig - >400pg/ml - |
|
|
Term
| Exceptions to the oestrogen sulphate rule? |
|
Definition
This only exception to this is if the rig is under 3 years old or if it is a donkey -
They don't have the maturity to be able to produce as much hormone yet due to immaturity |
|
|
Term
| treatment for retained testicles? |
|
Definition
| surgery - remove the retained testicle first |
|
|
Term
| Approches for surgical removal of a retained testicle? |
|
Definition
abdominal
Parainguinal
suprapubic paramedian
Flank
Laparoscopic
Aneatheisa for all apart from flank and laparoscopic |
|
|
Term
| what are the landmark for castration of a cryptorchid? |
|
Definition
proper ligament of the testes
ligament of the tail of the epididymis
scrotal ligament
Vaginal process
tunic |
|
|
Term
| what other methods apart from surgery are there to treat a rig? |
|
Definition
hormonal therapy
GnRH, LH-RH
only works for inguinal testes - not abdominally retained testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive oedema of the penis
ACP sedative admin
damage to the penile nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability for the horse to extract his penis out of the prepuce
Usually due to a stricture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penile paralysis - oersisant erection without arousal
Due to bloodflow disturbance, reduced venous outflow and the penis swells and cannot be retracted
Usually after ACP |
|
|
Term
| types of neoplasia that affect the penis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| History of SCC on horses and the treatment? |
|
Definition
Very slow growing considering it is a carcinoma and often older horses on non pigmented skin
metastisis to the inguinal LNs usually
and occurs late in the disease
Treatment -
cryosurgery,
chemotherpy
NSAIDS
excision - if small and local |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin and mucosae only
so vuvla would look bigger than normal |
|
|
Term
| second degree laceration? |
|
Definition
| involves the musculature as well as the skin and mucosae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete perforation of the vaginal wall and rectum producing a single opening to the rectum and vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tear through from the rectum to the vaginal vestibule but the perineal body is still intact |
|
|
Term
| Repair of a first degree laceration? |
|
Definition
caslick opp
remove a wee bit of tissue and then suture it - using continuous or simple interupted to the level of the pelvic brim |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if you tried to repair a second degree laceration with a caslick operation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repair of a second degree laceration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repair of a 3rd degree laceration? |
|
Definition
| Rectovaginal/rectovistibular lacerations should be left for 4-6 weeks- so they heal themselves and then go and fix it |
|
|
Term
| causes of a urovagina in a mare? |
|
Definition
oestrous behavious - when spraying
Excessive caslick op
pneumovagina |
|
|
Term
| Granulosa theca cell tumour? |
|
Definition
neoplasia of the ovary in a horse
can be benign
but could lead to 3 types of behavioural change
eg - stallion like
Anoestrous
Persistant oestrous |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia in the horse? |
|
Definition
behavioural chnage
Rectal
Ultrasound
Hormones - inhibin |
|
|
Term
| approaches to dystocia in a mare? |
|
Definition
assistanced vaginal delivery
Controlled vaginal delivery
C section
embryotomy |
|
|
Term
| complications of dystocia? |
|
Definition
Ruptured middle uterine Artery
Ruptured uterus
Broad ligament haematoma |
|
|
Term
| Signs of a ruptured uterus? |
|
Definition
Colic like s
peritonitis
high mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uuslaly male foals
Due to bladder rupture, urachal tears or uretal defects
Usualy due toa semi full bladder in the foal and the pressure increase during foaling leads to rupture
Often tenesmus assoc with ut |
|
|
Term
| xclincial signs of uroperitoneum? |
|
Definition
2-4 days old
Abdominal distension
may still be able to urinate
tachcardia and tachypnoea
anorexia and dullness
tenesmus like action
sudden death |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of uroperitoneum |
|
Definition
conc of creatinine in the peritoneal fluid will be higher than in the serum
Electrolytes - Increased K+
- hyponatraemia
- hypochloraemia
ultrasound - see lots of fluid - dark - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| management of uroperitonium in a foal? |
|
Definition
medical emergency
stabilise before GA
Fluids etc and drainage to reduce the hyperkalaemia
saline, bicarb and fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high saturation of CO2 in the blood
caused by respiratory depression in aneasthetised horses |
|
|
Term
| what level of CO2 is harmful? |
|
Definition
| PaCO2 of more than 80mmhg |
|
|
Term
| what is permissive hypercapnia? |
|
Definition
| when the PaCO2 is allowed to be a little higher than normal to allow the SNS to be stimulated which allows increased myocardial contractility and increased tissue blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypercapnia? |
|
Definition
| IPPV of 6-8 breaths a min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low inspired oxygen
hypoventilation
VQ mismatch
shunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
positive end expiratory pressure
allows recruitment of collapsed alveoli when VQ mismatch
dont let the thoracic pressure reduce as much after each expiration |
|
|
Term
| treatment of hypotension in horses in surgery? |
|
Definition
fluids
anticholinergics
Dobutamine beta 1 agonist |
|
|
Term
| complications of horses recovering from surgery? |
|
Definition
myopathies
airway obstructiosn
colic
Catheters
trauma |
|
|
Term
| post aneasthetic myopathy? PAM |
|
Definition
| muscle compressed form lying on it but the blood pools there and cant escape so becomes oedematous and swollen and painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atheltic, fit
heavy
hypotnesion
repeated aneathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nursing care, nasaid
support
fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spinal cod malacia
CCN
blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sit like a dog young, well muscledhorses |
|
|
