Term
| What s signalment? Examples? |
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Definition
-specific musculoskeletal diseases and injuries are common to certain populations of hroses
-ex: breed, gender, age, occupation |
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Term
| Describe the portion of a visual physical exam? |
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Definition
-orverall conformation
-posture
-asymmetries
-visible scars
-swellings |
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Term
| Descrbe our hands-on exam of the distal equine limb. |
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Definition
-assess hoof quality and balance
-apply hoof testers
-assess range of motion of cervical spine and joint of the distal limb |
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Term
| What are some visual clues of lameness? |
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Definition
-head nod
-hip hike or drop
-fetlock drop
-shortness in stride
-shortened stance phase of th estride
-abnormal limb movement
-toe dragging
-tail swishing
-ear posture |
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Term
| What are some audiio clues of lameness? |
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Definition
-prolonged osunds
-extra sounds
-intensity of the sound as the limb strieks the ground |
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Term
| Outline the AAEP lameness grading sclae. |
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Definition
-0/5: sound, no visible lameness noted
-1/5: no lameness observed at trot in straightaway, inconsistent lameness noted in turn
-2/5: inconsistent lameness at trot in straightaway, consistent lameness observed in the turn
-3/5: consistent lameness observed at troth in both straightaway and turns
-4/5: Grade 3 + will not bear full weight on the limb, lameness observed at the walk
-5/5: non-weight bearing lameness |
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Term
| How does a stationary force place assist in our objective assessment of lameness?> |
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Definition
-measures the amount of force the limb exerts to the ground surface
-velocity must be controlled
-average 5-6 strikes
-converted to % BW |
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Term
| What is a lameness locater? How does it help in our objective assessment for lameness? |
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Definition
-wireless inertial sensorbased motion analysis system specifical designs to detect and evaluate lameness in hroses
-uses three sensors which are non-invasively attached to specific parts of th ehorse
-measures head and pelvic height and fall while the horse is trotting
-straight OR turning (lunging) |
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Term
| What are the two major types of multiple limb lameness? |
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Definition
-Compensatory lameness: not a true lameness
-Secondary lameness: true lameness caused by a primary lameness |
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Term
| With a compensatory lameness, if it is contralateral, where is the lameness? What about ipsilateral? |
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Definition
-contralateral primary lamenss is likely forelimb
-ipsilateral primary lameness is likely hind limb |
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Term
| Were do we do a flexion test for an euqine lameness evaluation? |
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Definition
-Lower limb: podotroclear, DIP, PIP, and MCP
-Upper limb: carpus or hock/stifle
-Others: stifle, shoulder, digital extension, leverage testing devices |
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Term
| What do we use for local anesthetc agents in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe forelimb perineural anesthesia. |
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Definition
-palmar digital
-abaxial (basilar) sesamoidian
-low 4pt (low volar)
-high 4pt (high volar)
-suspensory (lateral palmar)
-MUM: median, ulnar, and medial cutaneous |
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Term
| Describe hind limb perineural anesthesia in the horse. |
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Definition
-plantar digital
-abaxial (basilar) sesamoidian)
-low 6pt (low volar volar)
-suspensory (high plantar)
-tibial/peroneal |
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Term
| Which nn do we use for a palmar/plantardigital nerve block? |
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Definition
| -medial and lateral palmar/plantar digital nn |
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Term
| What does a palmar/platar digital n block desensitize? |
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Definition
-caudal 2/3 or entire sole
-podotrochlear apparatus
-soft tissues of the heel (digital cushion, digital portion of the DDFT)
-+/-DIP joint |
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Term
| Which nn are desensitized by the abaxial sesamoidian nerve block? |
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Definition
| -dorsal brr of medial and lateral palmar/planar digital nn |
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Term
| What does an abaxial sesamoidan nerve block desensitize? |
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Definition
-entire foot
-PIP joint
-soft tissue structures of the pastern: distal sesamoidean ligaments, SDFT, DDFT
-P2 and distal and palmar aspect of P1 |
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Term
| What des a low 4 point/6point nerve block desenstize? |
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Definition
-MCP/MTP joint and all structures distal
-distal suspensory branches |
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Term
| What subjective amount of improvement in subjective lameness is required to be considered diagnostic with perineural anesthesia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What subjective amount of improvement in subjective lameness is reequired to be considered diagnostic with intrasynovial aneshtesia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some neuro causes of "lameness"? |
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Definition
-cervical lesions
-thoracolumbar lesions
-sacral instability
-neuro z: EPM, Encephalitis viruses, RAbies |
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Term
| Why has digital radiography become the standard of radiography? |
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Definition
-quick acquisition and minimal processing
-on-farm results
-digital files are easy to distribute: ACVR consultation, PPE |
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Term
| For what do we use ultrasonography in equine lameness exams? |
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Definition
-diagnosis of distal limb soft tissue injury
-used alongside other imagint ot evaluate complex joints
-used to ID degeneraiton of the articular facets of the cervical spine |
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Term
| What is the major limitation to CT for evaluating lameness? |
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Definition
-limited to the head, neck, and distal extremities
-requires general anesthesia |
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Term
| In general, how does MRI work? |
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Definition
| -uses strong magnetic fields and radiowaves to form images |
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Term
| For what diagnostics is MRI good for? |
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Definition
| -good for both soft tissue and bone |
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Term
| What is the imaging modality of choice for soft tissue lesions of the digit? Is it useful for lameness cases? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we perferm nuclear scintigraphy? |
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Definition
-a radiopharmaceutical (radioactive tracer) is injected IV
-then a gamma camera is used to detect and record the emitted radiation |
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Term
| What kind of image does nuclear scintigraphy produce? |
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Definition
| -yields a 2D image of specific areas fo the patient |
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