Term
|
Definition
| dorsal portion of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vertebral formula in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Wobbler's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| instability of the articulation between cervical vertebrae, which causes pressure on the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of Wobbler's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Ataxia due to neural damage (from the pressure) in the area that controls limbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament? |
|
Definition
-funiculus nuchae
-lamina nuchae |
|
|
Term
| What do the two parts of the nuchal ligament look like? |
|
Definition
-funiculus nuchae = paired, cord-like, attaches to skull
-lamina nuchae = paired, sheet-like, attaches to cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Name three bursae associated with the nuchal ligament. |
|
Definition
-cranial nuchal bursa
-caudal nuchal bursa
-supraspinous bursa |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cranial nuchal bursa found? |
|
Definition
| between the arch of the atlas and the funiculus nuchae |
|
|
Term
| Where is the caudal nuchal bursa found? |
|
Definition
-between the axis and the funiculus nuchae
-inconstant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-infection of the cranial or caudal nuchal bursae
-can invade into the CNS because the spinal cord is right below the atlas/axis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the supraspinous bursa found? |
|
Definition
| at T2-T3 and the supraspinous ligament (withers) |
|
|
Term
| What is Fistulous withers? |
|
Definition
| infection that drains into muscles of the area and causes fistulous tracts |
|
|
Term
| What superficial muscles lie along the ventral surface of the neck? |
|
Definition
-cutaneous colli
-brachiocephalicus
-omotransversarius
-sternocephalicus
-sternothyrohyoideus |
|
|
Term
| Describe cutaneous colli. |
|
Definition
-starts at te sternum and fans upward
-covers the bottom part of the external jugular v, which is why you do venupuncture more cranially
-equivalent to the platysma in a dog (if you include the cutaneous muscle of the face) |
|
|
Term
| Describe brachiocephalicus. |
|
Definition
-composed of cleidomastoideus and cleidobrachialis
-the point of separation is at the greater tubercle of the humerus |
|
|
Term
| Where is omotransversarius located? |
|
Definition
| fused to the dorsal aspect of the brachiocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| Where is sternocephalicus located? |
|
Definition
-runs from the manubrium to the head (mandible)
-also called sternomandibularis |
|
|
Term
| Describe sternothyrohyoideus. |
|
Definition
-composed of sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus
-located on the midline |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus. |
|
Definition
| Sternohyoideus stays midline while sternothyroideus runs deeps and splits laterally to attach to the thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are the deep ventral muscles of the neck? |
|
Definition
-omohyoideus
-longus capitis
-longus colli
-scalenus muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-runs from the shoulder to the hyoid apparatus, where it fuses with sternohyoideus
-sits between the external jugular vein and the common carotid a, thus helping guide you for venupuncture
-well-defined cranially, but not further down the neck |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between longus capitis and longus colli. |
|
Definition
| longus colli runs along the midline and longus capitis is found in the upper part of the neck and lateral to longus colli |
|
|
Term
| Which deep ventral muscle of the neck is only seen cranially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deep ventral muscle of the neck is only seen caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you easily ID scalenus? |
|
Definition
| brachial plexus runs through it |
|
|
Term
| What muscles comprise the superficial layer of the lateral neck muscles? |
|
Definition
-trapezius
-rhomboideus (cervicus/thoracis)
-splenius (large)
-serratus ventralis (cervicus/thoracis) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles comprise the first deep layer of the lateral neck muscles? |
|
Definition
-semispinalis capitis
-longissimus capitis/longissimus atlantis
-longissimus cervicis |
|
|
Term
| What muscles comprise the second deep layer of the lateral neck muscles? |
|
Definition
-multifidus cervicis
-intertransversarii cervicis
-spinalis system |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle is the most dorsal of the first deep layer of the lateral neck muscless? |
|
Definition
| semispinalis capitis, primary extensor of the neck |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between longissimus capitis and longissimus atlantis. |
|
Definition
Both have a fused origin
-longissimus capitis inserts on the back of the head
-longissimus atlantis inserts on the wing of the atlas (deeper) |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle lies closest to the midline of the second deep layer of the lateral neck muscless? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the poll? |
|
Definition
-obliquus capitis caudalis
-obliquus capitis cranialis
-rectus capitis muscles |
|
|
Term
| Where is obliquus capitis caudalis located? |
|
Definition
| between C1-C2, covers the wing of the atlas |
|
|
Term
| Where is obliquus capitis cranialis located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the rectus capitis muscles located? |
|
Definition
| below obliquus capitis cranialis |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves exist in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does C2 branch from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does C4 branch from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does C6 branch from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve, and where is it found? |
|
Definition
-11th cranial nerve
-runs along the dorsal border of omotransversarius and then dives into trapezius |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles do the two branches of the accessory nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
dorsal = brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius
ventral = runs under wing of atlas, innervates sternocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transverse nerve of the neck. |
|
Definition
-branch of C2
-runs to dorsal midline
-innervates the skin of the intermandibular area |
|
|
Term
| Describe the phrenic nerve. |
|
Definition
-segment of the ventral branches of C5, C6, and C7
-innervates the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Which branches comprise the brachial plexus, and where is it found? |
|
Definition
-ventral branches of C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2
-emerges through scalenus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cervical branch of the facial nerve. |
|
Definition
-follows the path of the external jugular v
-innervates cutaneous colli |
|
|
Term
| Which artery lies on the lamina nuchae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which artety runs through vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the superficial cervical lymphocenters located? |
|
Definition
| buried in fat deep to brachiocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the deep cervical lymphocenters. |
|
Definition
cranial = around the thyroid gland
middle = variable, anywhere along the length of the trachea
caudal = at the thoracic inlet, along the trachea, near ribs |
|
|
Term
| What is the area where one does venupuncture on a horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of the jugular groove? |
|
Definition
dorsal = cleidomastoideus
ventral = sternocephalicus
deep = omohyoideus (between ext jugular v and common carotid a) |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of the median pectoral groove? |
|
Definition
| left and right descending pectoral muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance to the lateral pectoral groove? |
|
Definition
-massive hemorrhage if groove is lacerated
-contains cephalic v (main return supply from thoracic limb) and deltoid br of superficial cervical a |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of the lateral pectoral groove? |
|
Definition
dorsal = cleidobrachialis
ventral = descending pectoral |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of Viborg's triangle? |
|
Definition
cranial = ramus of the mandible
ventral = linguofacial v
dorsal = tendon of sternocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
-common carotid a
-vagosympathetic trunk
-recurrent laryngeal n
-internal jugular v (variable) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the trachea run? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ is palpable and located at the first tracheal ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle comprises the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| striated cranially, smooth caudally |
|
|
Term
| Describe the location of the esophagus in the neck. |
|
Definition
| Starts at the pharynx dorsally, then moves dorsolaterally left, then moves dorsal to the trachea again in the thorax |
|
|
Term
| Where does smooth muscle begin in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the limits of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| from the level of the eyes to the nostrils |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| filters air, warms and humidifies, smell |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the nasal alae? |
|
Definition
lateral = skin and muscle
medial = skin and cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What is the area where the two alae meet? |
|
Definition
| dorsal and ventral commisures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-divide nostril into dorsal and ventral halves
-fold of skin and mucosa that goes into nasal cavity
-attached to ventral conchae |
|
|
Term
| What is the "false nostril" in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the dorsal lateral cartilage of the nostril. |
|
Definition
| attached to the nasal bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the alar nasal cartilage. |
|
Definition
lamina = round and flat, supports dorsal aspect of alar fold
cornu = curves centrally |
|
|
Term
| Describe the medial accessory nasal cartilage. |
|
Definition
| inside the nasal cavity, covered by mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal septum? What does it attach to? |
|
Definition
-hyaline cartilage
-divides cavity into left and right sides
dorsal: nasal bone
caudal: ethymoid bone
ventral: vomer |
|
|
Term
| What are the boney boundaries of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
dorsal: nasal bone
lateral: incisive, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic
ventral: hard palate (maxilla, palatine, incisive) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four nasal conchae? |
|
Definition
-dorsal
-ventral
-ethymoidal (most caudal)
-middle (oval, rostral to ethymoid conchae) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four nasal meatuses? |
|
Definition
-dorsal: between nasal bone and dorsal conchae
-middle: between dorsal and ventral conchae
-ventral: between ventral conchae and hard palate
-common: extends from the floor to the roof of cavity, between the medial aspect of conchae and the septum at the midline |
|
|
Term
| Describe the internal and external nares. |
|
Definition
-interal aka choanae: exit from nasal cavity into pharynx caudally
-external: the entrance into the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the nostril? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| from the sphenopalatine a |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the nostrils? |
|
Definition
sensory = infraorbital n (branch of maxillary n, part of CN V)
motor = branches of CN VII (facial) |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| CN I (olfactory) and CN V (sensory) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
-maxilla
-palatine
-incisive |
|
|
Term
| What is the midline groove on the mucosa of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rugae aka ridges on the hard palate? |
|
Definition
| run transverse to the raphe |
|
|
Term
| What is the bump that is at the rostral midline of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the floor of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
-sublingual caruncle
-sublingual fold
-lingual frenulum |
|
|
Term
| What is the sublingual caruncle? |
|
Definition
| flap of tissue, opening for the mandibular s.g. |
|
|
Term
| What is the sublingual fold? |
|
Definition
-runs caudalfrom caruncle, one on each side
-polystomatic sublingual s.g. opens here |
|
|
Term
| What is the lingual frenulum? |
|
Definition
| flap that attaches the tongue to the floor |
|
|
Term
| Do horses have monostomatic s.g? |
|
Definition
| NO! only have polystomatic s.g. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the tongue? |
|
Definition
-root (caudal)
-body
-apex (rostral, free end) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four lingual papillae? Which are mechanical, and which have taste buds? |
|
Definition
-filiform (mechanical)
-fungiform (taste)
-vallate (taste)
-foliate (taste) |
|
|
Term
| Describe filiform papillae. |
|
Definition
| fine, conical, mechanical, found on the body and apex |
|
|
Term
| Describe fungiform papillae. |
|
Definition
| scattered round dots, mainly lateral and along the apex |
|
|
Term
| Describe vallate papillae. |
|
Definition
| large, circular, demarcate the junction between the root and the body |
|
|
Term
| Describe foliate papillae. |
|
Definition
| seen as ridges along the lateral sides of the base |
|
|
Term
| What are the five extrinsic lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
-styloglossus
-hyoglossus
-genioglossus
-mylohyoideus
-geniohyoideus |
|
|
Term
| Which lingual muscle runs medial to the mandible and originates at the ventral/distal end of the stylohyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lingual muscle runs from the hyoid apparatus to the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lingual muscle is best seen from the medial view and originates on the chin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the location of the three major extrinsic muscles of the tongue. |
|
Definition
lateral = styloglossus
root = hyoglossus
medial = genioglossus |
|
|
Term
| Which lingual-associated muscle is thin, strap-like, and spans the intermandibular space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lingual-associated muscle is spindle-shaped, seen near the chin, and best seen from the medial view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the tongue? |
|
Definition
-lingual a
-sublingual a (branch of facial a) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensory innervation of the tongue? |
|
Definition
| lingual n (branch of mandibular, which is a branch of trigeminal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the motor innervation of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the taste innervation of the tongue? |
|
Definition
rostral 2/3 = facial n (CN VII)
caudal 1/2 = glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four salivary glands in the horse? |
|
Definition
-parotid
-mandibular
-polystomatic sublingual
-buccal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the parotid salivary gland. |
|
Definition
-extends from the base of the ear to the jaw angle
-opens opposite the 3rd or 4th cheek tooth
-opens in parotid papilla |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mandibular salivary gland. |
|
Definition
-lies medial to the mandible
-crescent shaped
-empties on the sublingual caruncle |
|
|
Term
| Where does the polystomatic salivary gland open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the buccal salivary glands. |
|
Definition
-found in the cheeck
-dorsal and ventral
-dorsal s.g. akin to zygomatic s.g. in a dog |
|
|
Term
| What is the musculomembranous funnel that connects the GI and respiratory tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| the soft palate divides which pharynx areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the laryngopharynx located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two palatine arches? |
|
Definition
-palatopharyngeal arch
-palatoglossal arch |
|
|
Term
| Where is the palatopharyngeal arch located? |
|
Definition
| at the end of the soft palate where it reaches dorsal to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the palatoglossal arch located? |
|
Definition
| from the soft palate to the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pharyngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
| constrict; take a bolus of food and move it into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the three pharyngeal muscles, from caudal to cranial? |
|
Definition
-cricopharyngeus
-thyropharyngeus
-hyopharyngeus |
|
|
Term
| Which tonsillar tissue is found in the root of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tonsillar tissue is found on the floor of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tonsillar tissue is found in an ova-shaped spot on the soft palate? |
|
Definition
| tonsil of the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| Which tonsillar tissue is found in the pharyngeal roof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tonsillar tissue is found surrounding the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the orifice into the auditory tube that allows for equalization of pressure between the ear and the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the hyoid apparatus? |
|
Definition
-thyrohyoid
-basihyoid (lingual process)
-keratohyoid
-epihyoid
-stylohyoid
-tympanohyoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the four laryngeal cartilages? |
|
Definition
-epiglottis
-thyroid
-arytenoid
-cricoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the cuneiform processes which are covered by the vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| Describe the thyroid cartilage. |
|
Definition
-body lies ventral, lamina (sheets) are on the sides
-thyroid notch is found between the lamina in the area of the body
-has two projections (caudal and rostral cornu) |
|
|
Term
| What is the thyroid fissure? |
|
Definition
-Seen in the thyroid cartilage between the lamina and the rostral cornu
-when tissue covers the fissure, we leave a hole called the thyroid foramen (where cranial laryngeal n passes) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arytenoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
-paired
-has corniculate (rostral), muscular (caudal), and vocal (ventral) processes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cricoid cartilage. |
|
Definition
| comprised of the lamina (dorsal) and the arch (extends ventral) |
|
|
Term
| What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? |
|
Definition
-cricothyroideus
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of cricothyroideus? |
|
Definition
-adduct vocal fold
-cranial laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis? |
|
Definition
-abduct vocal fold
-recurrent laryngeal n |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the vocal apparatus? |
|
Definition
-glottis (vocal folds and rima glottids)
-rima glottids (space between vocal folds and corniculate process of arytenoid) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral laryngeal ventricle? |
|
Definition
-two! left and right
-a diverticulum (opening) between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
-cranial = vestibular fold (covers cuneiform process)
-caudal = vocal fold (covers vocal process) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the median laryngeal ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments in the larynx? |
|
Definition
-cricothyroid ligament (surgical site)
-cricotracheal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What in the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of cricothyroideus? |
|
Definition
| cranial laryngeal n (enters through thyroid foramen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-laryngeal hemiplasia
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis innervation damaged
-loss of vocal fold abduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible causes of roaring? |
|
Definition
-length of recurrent laryngeal n
-aortic pressure
-enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes (pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible treatments for roaring? |
|
Definition
-ventriculectomy (remove lateral ventricle to induce scarring)
-tie back (suture cricoid to arytenoid)
-reinnervation (transplant piece of omohyoid m) |
|
|
Term
| What is the facial crest on the horse skull? |
|
Definition
-comprised of zygomatic and maxilla bones
-landmark for sinus surgery |
|
|
Term
| What is the interparietal bone? |
|
Definition
| fuses to parietal bones on the midline with increase age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area on the face that is supplied by one sensory nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where is the supraorbital foramen, and what passes through it? |
|
Definition
-dimple above the eye
-surpaorbital n |
|
|
Term
| Where is the infraorbital foramen, and what passes through it? |
|
Definition
-above the teeth (twitch)
-infraorbital n |
|
|
Term
| Where is the maxillary foramen, and what passes through it? |
|
Definition
-ventral to orbit, entrance to infraorbital foramen
-infraorbital n |
|
|
Term
| Where is the foramen lacerum, and what passes through it? |
|
Definition
-cranial = mandibular n, internal carotid a, carotid n
-caudal = CN IX, CN X, CN XI |
|
|
Term
| What are the two foramena on the mandible, and what passes through them? |
|
Definition
-mandibular foramen: inferior alveolar a, v, n (sensation to lower teeth)
-mental foramen: mental n (chin/lip) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two processes on the mandible? |
|
Definition
-coronoid process
-condylar process |
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular groove? |
|
Definition
-aka vascular notch
-where the facial a passes, travels with facial v and parotid salivary duct
-spot where you can take a pulse |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the orbit? |
|
Definition
dorsal: zyg process of frontal bone
caudal: zyg process of temporal bone
cranial: temporal process of zyg bone |
|
|
Term
| How is the horse orbit different from the canine orbit? |
|
Definition
| bone forms the lateral aspect of the horse orbit |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the superficial facial muscles? |
|
Definition
-facial expression
-buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) |
|
|
Term
| What is the superficial facial muscle that is similar to the platysma in a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle that covers the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
-close the jaw (except digastricus opens)
-mandibular n (from CN V) (except digastricus inn by CN V rostrally and CN VII caudally) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three muscles of mastication that close the jaw? |
|
Definition
-masseter
-pterygoid group (lateral and medial, both medial to the mandible)
-temporalis |
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Term
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Definition
-has rostral and caudal parts
-rostral belly lies along the body of the mandible
-caudal part has caudal belly and the occipitomandibular part |
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Term
| What tendon runs between the caudal and rostral bellies of digastricus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the motor innervation of the muscles of the eye and ear? |
|
Definition
| auriculopalpebral n (CN VII) |
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Term
| What provides sensory innervation to the muscles of the face? |
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Definition
| transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal n |
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Term
| What are the branches of the facial a? |
|
Definition
-inferior labial
-superior labial
-lateral nasal
-dorsal nasal
-angularis oculi |
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Term
| What are the three veins in the face that are ventral to the facial crest, from dorsal to ventral? |
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Definition
-transverse facial v
-deep facial v
-buccal v |
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Term
| What vein satellites the facial a? Where does it run? |
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Definition
| facial v, runs in the vascular groove |
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Term
| What veins fuse to form the external jugular v? |
|
Definition
| maxillary v and linguofacial v |
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Term
| What vessels run through the vascular groove? |
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Definition
-facial a
-facial v
-parotid duct |
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Term
| Where are the mandibular lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
-located in the intermandibular space
-make a V |
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Term
| What are the branches of the common carotid a? |
|
Definition
-internal carotid
-external carotid |
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Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid? |
|
Definition
-occipital a
-linguofacial trunk
-massteric branch
-caudal auricular a
-superficial temporal a
(continues as maxillary) |
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Term
| Where is the linguofacial trunk located? What are its branches? |
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Definition
located deep to the mandible
-ascending palatine
-terminates and lingual and facial (facial branches to sunlingual a) |
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Term
| What are the branches of the maxillary a? |
|
Definition
-inferior alveolar
-artery of the auditory tube
-pterygoid branch
-middle meningeal a
-caudal deep temporal a
-rostral deep temporal a
-external ophthalmic a
-buccal a
-infraorbital a
continues as descending palatine |
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Term
| What are the branches of the maxillary a when it enters the malar canal? |
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Definition
-rostral deep temporal a
-external ophthalmic a |
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Term
| What is the first branch of the maxillary a after it leaves the malar canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood supply to the temporalis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the pterygoid muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the orbit? |
|
Definition
| malar a (branch of infraorbital a) |
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Term
| What are the branches of the descending palatine a? What areas do they supply? |
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Definition
-minor palatine a (soft palate)
-major palatine a (hard palate)
-sphenopalatine a (nasal cavity) |
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Term
| What are the mandibular nerve branches and where are they found? |
|
Definition
-mandibular nerve branches are medial to the mandible
-inferior alveolar (most ventral, runs with a and v)
-lingual n (middle, goes to tongue)
-buccal n (most dorsal) |
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|
Term
| What are the three paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
-conchofrontal
-maxillary
-sphenopalatine (ventral to brain) |
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Term
| What are the anatomic limits of the conchofrontal sinus? |
|
Definition
caudal: temporomandibular joint
rostral: halfway between medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
lateral: zygomatic process of frontal bone
medial: midline |
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Term
| What are the surgical boundaries of the conchofrontal sinus? |
|
Definition
caudal: plane that passes through the supraorbital foramen
rostral: halfway between medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
medial: 2cm lateral to midline
lateral: the line from the supraorbital foramen to the intersection of the rostral and medial lines |
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Term
| What are the anatomic features of the maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
4 subdivisions
-rostral and caudal parts divided by maxillary septum
-lateral and medial parts divided by the infraorbital canal |
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|
Term
| What is the area where the sinus system drains into the middle nasal meatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the surgical boundaries of the maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
caudal: medial canthus
rostral: line that connects the infraorbital foramen to facial crest
ventral: facial crest
doral: line that connects IOF with medial canthus |
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Term
| What instrument cuts a circular disc of bone when doing surgical procedures on the nasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the ocular structure that hangs down into the pupil? |
|
Definition
| iridic granule aka corpora nigrans |
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Term
| What lymph nodes are seen in Viborg's triangle? What else is there? |
|
Definition
-retropharyngeal lymph nodes
-guttural pouches |
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|
Term
| Where are the lateral and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes found? |
|
Definition
lateral: dorsal to external carotid a
medial: ventral to ext carotid a |
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Term
| What is the positioning of the guttural pouches? |
|
Definition
-flapped over the stylohyoid bone
-is an extension of the auditory tube
-dorsal boundary is base of skull/atlas
-ventral boundary is pharynx/esophagus |
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|
Term
| What are the compartments of the guttural pouches? |
|
Definition
lateral: lateral to stylohyoid bone, smaller
medial: medial to stylohyoid bone, larger |
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Term
| What are two surgical approaches t drain guttural pouches? |
|
Definition
-Viborg's triangle: dorsal to linguofacial vein
-hyovertebrotomy: in front of the wing of atlas (between hyoid apparatus) |
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Term
| What are some clinical signs of infections of the guttural pouches? |
|
Definition
-nasal discharge when head down (pharyngeal opening of auditory tube connected to pouches)
-epitaxis (nose bleed due to inernal carotid in fold of pouch, possible erosion due to fungi)
-dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-tympany (pouch fills with air that can't escape) |
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Term
| What is it called when pus accumulates in a cavity? |
|
Definition
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