Term
| Meichenbaum's Self-Instructional Therapy |
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Definition
Combines graduated practice with elements of Rational-Emotive Theory, and involves repeated practice of a targeted task.
The 5-step procedure begins with the therapist modeling a task and verbalizing the steps out loud, and ends with the client performing the task while thinking the task through.
Helps a person who lacks adaptive cognitions in performing tasks to develop such cognitions, hence, it is a form of cognitive restructuring.
Involves helping the client learn to think about how to perform a task, rather than problem-solving.
(Coping statements and skill development are key elements of Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation Training.) |
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Term
| Distributive Justice or Outcome Justice |
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Definition
Roots in social equity theory.
Refers to the satisfaction of participants in a process (e.g., mediation) when they believe that the OUTCOME of the process is both fair and favorable.
Procedural justice refers to participants' satisfaction based on the perceived fairness of the process used to come to a decision. For example, if the couple was satisfied with the mediation because they felt the mediator was successfully impartial or that they had equal opportunity to be heard, this would be an example of procedural justice.
A more recent development of research is the theory of interactional justice. Interactional justice is defined as the quality of interpersonal treatment received during the process, and reflects concerns about the fairness of non-procedural aspects of interaction. The two components of interactional justice are informational justice and interpersonal justice. Informational justice refers to the appropriateness of the explanation given for the procedures used, while interpersonal justice refers to the manner in which people are treated by authority figures in the decision making process. |
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Term
| The prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in girls |
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Definition
| Much lower than that of boys. Because OCD is equally common in men and women, most of us would guess that the prevalence rates would be equal in boys and girls. |
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Term
| Most children are ready to begin toilet training by: |
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Definition
24 months.
By age two, less than 1/3 of all children have completed toilet training.
No attempt should be made to train children much younger than 24 months, because they usually do not have the muscle development necessary for bladder and bowel control. |
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Term
| Crisis intervention is most commonly associated with... |
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Definition
Secondary Prevention.
Crisis intervention involves early identification and treatment of individuals experiencing problems, w/ the goal of resolving the problems. This is the focus of secondary prevention.
(Primary prevention attempts to prevent problems from occurring in the first place. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the recurrence or residual effects of chronic problems.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The distortion of magnification/minimization is often, as here, abbreviated as magnification. |
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Term
| McClelland's Acquired Needs theory |
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Definition
Describes three work-related needs:
nAch (need for achievement)
nAff (need for affiliation)
nPow (need for power).
According to this theory needs are acquired over time. Research has confirmed that people can be trained to think more like those high in nAch, a characteristic that has been shown to correlate highly with work success. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rooting refers to reflexively turning the cheek toward where it has been touched. Used to facilitate the process of nursing. |
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Term
| Which substance mimics the effects of morphine in the brain? |
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Definition
Opioid peptides.
Opioid peptides are amino acids that mimic the effects of opiates (e.g., morphine).
Feelings of euphoria and decreased sensations of pain.
(Opioid antagonists act on opiate receptors to block the effects of opiates on the brain. Opioid antagonists (e.g., naloxone, naltrexone) are used at times to treat opiate addiction.
The catecholamines include dopamine norepinephine/noradrenaline, and epinephrine/adrenaline. The catecholamines cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity (e.g., fight or flight).) |
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Term
| Credibility and giving are processes that are important for... |
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Definition
Working with ethnic minority clients.
Sue and Zane.
Credibility has to do with the client perceiving the therapist as trustworthy and effective, which is strongly related to the degree to which the therapist is able to intervene in a culturally consistent manner.
Giving is the client's perception that something was received from the therapy session; the client feels like he received a gift or some direct benefit from the therapist. |
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Term
| Fiedler's Contingency Theory |
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Definition
How a leader rates a least preferred coworker (LPC).
A low LPC leader is someone who assigns low ratings to a least preferred coworker.
Low LPC leaders perform best in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations and are task oriented.
A high LPC leader is someone who rates a least preferred coworker highly. High LPC leaders work best under moderately favorable situations, and are relationship oriented. |
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Term
| The key aspect in constructing a test to be used for aid in diagnosis is: |
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Definition
Validity.
The test would have to be reliable, but that would not be sufficient. Standardization and generalizability are also important, but neither one is as critical as validity. |
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Term
| multiple regression equation |
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Definition
Regression or prediction equations are calculated based on the line of best fit.
A scatter plot is graphed and then a straight line is made which best matches or fits the data, using a process called the least squares criterion. The equation for this line is then the regression equation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of factitious disorder that involves giving slightly wrong answers to questions, thereby indicating that the subject could probably have given the correct answer. |
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Term
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Definition
First studied in monkeys.
Typically involves agnosias, with additional symptoms of placidity, apathy, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality.
Humans with Kluver-Bucy also frequently exhibit amnesia, aphasia, dementia, and seizures. |
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Term
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Definition
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory.
Different sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Upper and lower level needs.
Lower level needs (job context factors) cause dissatisfaction if they are not met, and include such factors as pay, working conditions, satisfactory working relationships, or supervision.
However, they do not lead to satisfaction if they are met.
Upper level needs include need for achievement, responsibility, and opportunity. When upper level needs are met, they result in satisfaction, but if they are not met, they do not cause dissatisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
The client's right to keep confidential information from being released in legal proceedings.
In most cases, the client is the holder of the privilege, except when the client is a minor or under legal conservatorship.
The client, as the holder of the privilege, exercises privilege, meaning she decides whether confidential information should be released.
When privilege is asserted, the court holds a hearing to determine if privilege should be upheld. Ultimately, the court has the authority to overrule the client's privilege rights. If the court issues a court order for the release of the records, the psychology intern has to comply. In this situation, the supervisor's only role would be to provide supervision to the psychology intern. |
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Term
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Definition
The infant's brain at birth contains the majority of neurons it will ever have.
Brain development occurs as the neurons grow in size, develop more axons and dendrites, and increase their connections.
At birth, the brain is 1/4 to 1/3 its adult size.
It grows to be about 90% of its adult size by age five. |
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Term
| The substance most implicated in Seasonal Affective Disorder is: |
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Definition
Melatonin.
While low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine have all been implicated in depressive disorders, Seasonal Affective Disorder has specifically been linked to imbalances in melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
Theory Y states that workers are industrious, creative, and seek challenge and responsibility.
Theory X, which proposes that workers are lazy and have no ambition, and must therefore be controlled and directed. It states that workers need incentives, or external reinforcement, in order to show responsibility.
Theory Z, which considers lifelong employment, slow promotion, and group decision making to be critical in organizational management. |
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Term
| Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence |
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Definition
It is a three strata model, with general intelligence at the top level, broad cognitive abilities in the middle, and narrow cognitive abilities at the bottom.
general intelligence or "g" (stratum III)
10 broad cognitive abilities, such as fluid reasoning, short-term memory, visual processing, reading and writing (stratum II
70 narrow cognitive abilities (stratum I).
Considered by many to be the most empirically validated theory of human intelligence.
Foundation for the Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ-III) battery, a popular test of general aptitude and school achievement, and has been used to guide the development of the WISC-IV.
(Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of intelligence focuses on process rather than product.
Spearman proposed that intelligence is a single factor "g".) |
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Term
| Which combination of interventions is best suited for treating Conduct Disorder? |
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Definition
| Individual and family therapy. Conduct Disorder is usually best approached multimodally, and family involvement in the treatment of this disorder is almost always advisable. |
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Term
| Which of the following accurately describes the difference between Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features and Schizoaffective Disorder? |
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Definition
Bipolar Disorder involves psychotic symptoms superimposed on mood symptoms, while Schizoaffective Disorder involves a distinct period of psychotic symptoms without mood symptoms.
In Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features, psychotic symptoms occur in the presence of a Manic, Depressed, or Mixed Episode. In other words, when the mood symptoms remit, the person does not experience any psychotic symptoms.
Schizoaffective Disorder is diagnosed in the presence of a Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, or Mixed Episode, concurrent with the symptoms of Schizophrenia. During the course of this disorder, delusions or hallucinations occur for at least 2 weeks without prominent mood symptoms. In Schizoaffective Disorder, mood and psychotic symptoms do not alternate; rather, they are concurrent except for the two-week period when there are psychotic symptoms without mood symptoms. Bipolar Disorder may involve not only Manic Episodes, but Depressive and Mixed Episodes as well. |
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Term
| Indifference and euphoria suggest damage to: |
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Definition
The right hemisphere.
Other affective abnormalities that may result from damage:
*depression
*hysteria
*florid manic excitement
*impulsivity
The right hemisphere is also involved with perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, and intuitive activities.
The left hemisphere is responsible for language in most people. Damage to the left hemisphere typically results in difficulty with speech (comprehension or expression). The left hemisphere is also responsible for rational, logical, analytical and abstract thinking.
The frontal lobes play a critical role in inhibition, planning and initiative, judgment, and higher mental functions (e.g., cognitive flexibility).
The temporal lobes contain the primary auditory cortex.
Along with several other attached brain structures (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus), the temporal lobes are involved in emotional behavior and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of structural equation modeling.
Stands for LInear Structural RELations, is a computer program that can determine whether a causal model is correct.
It does not generate a causal model.
Although LISREL does make distinctions between latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables, it is not used to determine whether a specific variable is latent or manifest. The experimenter must make this determination as part of the causal model.
Only analyzes linear relationships. Can look at direct and indirect effects, as well as both unidirectional and bi-directional paths. |
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Term
| cooperative learning classes |
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Definition
Are effective for low ability students, and may or may not be effective for high ability students.
In cooperative learning classes, students of different ability levels and cultural backgrounds work together on completing assignments and projects. Research has demonstrated that these classes help low ability students improve their academic functioning, but it remains unclear whether these classes benefit high ability students.
Very effective in reducing cultural biases and stereotypes. |
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Term
| You are working on developing a new test. To optimize your reliability you should: |
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Definition
There are several factors that specifically increase reliability:
*more items on a test
*homogeneity of the items
*an unrestricted range of scores that results from a more heterogeneous sample
*difficulty of guessing. |
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Term
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Definition
A simple partial seizure.
Begins focally in one hemisphere and does not impair the level of consciousness. This type of seizure may involve virtually any brain function (e.g., jerking of an extremity, abnormal sensation in one part of the body, a feeling of deja-vu, etc.).
A Jacksonian Seizure is a type of simple partial seizure where there is a brief alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function that starts in one part of the body, then spreads to another, oftentimes beginning in an extremity and "marching" up the limb.
(A simple partial seizure is differentiated from a complex partial seizure in that the latter involves either a pronounced change in consciousness or outright loss of consciousness in addition to the other disruptions described. A tonic/clonic or grand mal seizure, a type of generalized seizure, involves a tonic stage, which is characterized by continuous tension or contraction, followed by a clonic stage of rapid, involuntary, alternating muscular contractions, and relaxation. A petit mal seizure, also a generalized seizure, is characterized by a brief change in the level of consciousness, a transitional period of twitching or eye-rolling and a return to normal functioning.) |
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Term
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder |
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Definition
Discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious destruction of property or assaultive acts.
Episodes are not purposeful or premeditated.
Some signs of neurological abnormalities may be associated with this disorder.
Signs of generalized aggressiveness or impulsivity may be present between explosive episodes.
After the aggressive act, the person may feel upset, embarrassed, or remorseful about the behavior.
(A lack of remorse for destructive behavior is characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder.) |
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Term
| Hypnogogic hallucinations vs. hypnopompic |
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Definition
Hypnogogic hallucinations occur as a person falls asleep.
Hypnopompic: occur upon awakening. |
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Term
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Definition
We attribute our successes to internal factors, while we attribute our failures to external or situational factors.
*The self-serving bias only deals with the attributions a person makes about himself. |
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Term
| cognitive changes associated with aging |
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Definition
The ability to reason and use logic appears to remain intact among aging adults, especially when evaluated in day-to-day, practically relevant or ecologically valid situations.
In laboratory-based evaluations, this ability does appear to decline with aging.
Crystallized intelligence improves with age.
Fluid intelligence (novel problem-solving) peaks in adolescence, and shows the greatest decline with aging.
Attention and concentration, especially on complex tasks, show signs of decline with aging, as does psychomotor speed. |
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Term
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Definition
Required when several IVs are used to predict group membership.
Group membership is another way of saying discrete categories.
In this case, three continuous variables are being used to predict whether subjects belong in the "pass exam" or "fail exam" category. |
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Term
| Organizational Development |
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Definition
OD focuses on systematic ways to bring about planned change.
Uses a systems approach to organizational problems. Interventions focus on total organizational change.
Looks at communication, interaction, and team building, which address relationships among employees.
One goal is increased task performance.
Other goals include improved decision-making, communication, and interactions among employees. |
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Term
| Embedded Figures Test (EFT) |
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Definition
Children with autism show relative strength on EFT.
Measures cognitive functioning by having the examinee try to locate simple geometrical shapes that are hidden in more complex diagrams. |
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Term
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Definition
A child is most likely to take her first step on her own at 12 months
Rolling over at 2 months
Sitting alone at 5 months
Standing holding furniture at 5 months
Walking while holding on at 9 months
Standing alone at 11 months
Walking up steps at 17 months |
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Term
| Group decision-making is most likely to be adversely affected by: |
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Definition
| response polarization and groupthink. |
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Term
| A psychologist's contract with a managed care company is abruptly terminated by the company. What is the psychologist's ethical obligation? |
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Definition
The psychologist does not have to provide pretermination counseling if the actions of the managed care company preclude pretermination counseling. The Ethics Code addresses the issue of termination and managed care contracts in two places. On "interruption of services," the Ethics Code states psychologists should make plans for continuation of care "unless otherwise covered by contract." This provision is intended to clarify that psychologists are not abandoning clients and do not have further ethical responsibilities when a managed care company restricts the number of sessions or requires termination.
On the topic of "terminating therapy," there are exceptions to the requirement for pretermination counseling. One exception occurs when the actions of third-party payors (e.g., managed care company) preclude such counseling. The responsibility for patients who are in crisis falls to the managed care company. Although any known limits to care should be disclosed at the time of informed consent, that disclosure is not necessary in order for the psychologist to comply with the managed care company's termination of services. |
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Term
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Definition
Statistical power is the ability to find significance in research.
Factors that increase power include increasing sample size, increasing the magnitude of the intervention (e.g., treating subject for 6 months rather than 6 days), minimizing error, and using a parametric (e.g., t-test, ANOVA) and one-tailed test. Power is also affected by alpha level and reliability; lower alpha results in less power, and less reliability of the measurement instruments results in increased error and decreased power.
Beta has an inverse relationship with power; thus low power is associated with high beta error. |
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Term
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Definition
| prior learning interferes with new learning |
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Term
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Definition
| recent learning interferes with older learning. |
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Term
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Definition
Huntington's Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition.
Results from a single, abnormal gene on one of the autosomal chromosomes (one of the first 22 "non-sex" chromosomes).
When one parent has Huntington's Disease, there is a 50% chance that each of the offspring will inherit the disorder.
There is some evidence that both Tourette's Syndrome and Parkinson's Disease have a genetic component, but further research needs to be done to determine the specific mechanisms of heredity.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is not a hereditary disease, however, increasing scientific evidence suggests that genetics may play a role in determining a person's susceptibility to MS. |
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Term
| Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation Training |
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Definition
| Coping statements and skill development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to participants' satisfaction based on the perceived fairness of the process used to come to a decision. For example, if the couple was satisfied with the mediation because they felt the mediator was successfully impartial or that they had equal opportunity to be heard, this would be an example of procedural justice. |
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Term
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Definition
The quality of interpersonal treatment received during the process.
Reflects concerns about the fairness of non-procedural aspects of interaction.
The two components of interactional justice are informational justice and interpersonal justice.
Informational justice refers to the appropriateness of the explanation given for the procedures used.
Interpersonal justice refers to the manner in which people are treated by authority figures in the decision making process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Digital extension and arching of the back when startled (e.g., by a loud noise, or by the sensation of loss of support). |
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Term
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Definition
| The Babinski or plantar reflex refers to the toes spreading when the sole of the foot is touched. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves either a pronounced change in consciousness or outright loss of consciousness. |
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Term
| tonic/clonic or grand mal seizure |
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Definition
A type of generalized seizure.
Involves a tonic stage, which is characterized by continuous tension or contraction, followed by a clonic stage of rapid, involuntary, alternating muscular contractions, and relaxation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A generalized seizure, is characterized by a brief change in the level of consciousness, a transitional period of twitching or eye-rolling and a return to normal functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Test of Nonverbal Intelligence measures intelligence, aptitude, abstract reasoning, and problem solving completely free of the use of language. |
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Term
| Raven's Progressive Matrices |
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Definition
Generally thought to be one of the best non-verbal tests of intelligence. It is also suited for individuals with severe motor impairments and speech limitations.
Spearman himself considered Raven's Progressive Matrices to be the best non-verbal measure of the "g factor." |
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Term
| Ellen Berscheid: interpersonal relationships |
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Definition
| Berscheid contends that people underestimate the effect of external factors (the physical and social environment) on relationship satisfaction. |
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Term
| Object relations theory and relationships |
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Definition
| The influence of early parental relationships on later relationships. |
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Term
| John Gottman and relationships |
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Definition
| the importance of friendship in successful marriages |
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Term
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Definition
| There are two broad categories of seizures: partial and generalized. Partial seizures include simple partial and complex partial seizures; generalized seizures include grand mal (tonic clonic) and petit mal (absence) seizures. In simple partial seizures there are electrical abnormalities in a focal area of the brain only. The size of the affected area can be as small as the thumb, and as large as half the body. The patient usually remains conscious during the seizure and can later describe it in detail. Complex partial seizures usually begin with a few minutes of disorientation (the aura), followed by staggering, purposeless movements, and aimless wandering. Consciousness is frequently impaired. In contrast with partial seizures, generalized seizures occur when electrical abnormalities exist throughout the brain. Grand mal seizures, also known as tonic-clonic seizures, are dramatic seizures that involve convulsions throughout the body. Petit mal (absence seizures) begin with a brief change in level of consciousness, followed by blinking or rolling of the eyes, a blank stare, and slight mouth movements, which do not usually include unusual movements. |
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Term
| Strengths associated w/ resolution of Erikson's stages |
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Definition
Successful negotiation of each task results in specific strengths.
Hope: trust versus mistrust (first year of life).
Competence: industry versus inferiority (ages 6 - 12).
Love: intimacy versus isolation (ages 18 - 35).
Wisdom: integrity versus despair (age 60+). |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time. |
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Term
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Definition
| All documentation must be kept for 6 years. |
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Term
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Definition
*Factor analysis.
*Principle components analysis.
*Cluster analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to predict group membership. |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks at differences between 2 or more groups of subjects. |
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Term
| Malnutrition during the fetal period results in: |
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Definition
| A reduced number of brain cells or neurons. The infant's brain contains at birth the majority of neurons it will ever have. Brain development after birth occurs as the neurons grow in size, develop more axons and dendrites, and increase their connections, in response to stimulation and experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| High density frequently produces negative moods in men, while women experience negative moods more frequently in low-density situations. Frequency of illness increases as density increases, although the illnesses are not severe; and crowding does lead to withdrawal, evidenced by lower levels of eye contact and increases in interpersonal distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluating the program on an on-going basis as it is being implemented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnosed when there is fear of one or more social or performance situations. In this case, the fear is of public speaking. A patient with a Social Phobia commonly, though not necessarily, will experience Panic Attacks when exposed to the feared situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The misperception of physical stimuli that are actually present. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed false belief that is rigidly held despite evidence to the contrary. For example, a person comes to believe that he is Jesus Christ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to an alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal. |
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Term
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Definition
| If have 2 or more IVs. An example would be a study investigating the effects of type of diet and gender (i.e., two IVs) on binge eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used when a researcher is attempting to control for or partial out a confounding variable, for example, the effects of type of diet on binge eating while controlling for degree of anxiety. |
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Term
| Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career development: |
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Definition
| Focuses on the processes of differentiation and integration. Differentiation refers to making distinctions about the different aspects of oneself (e.g., characteristics one possesses) and the environment (e.g., seeing various aspects of a particular job instead of just one factor). Integration refers to unifying these different aspects, and results in making better decisions, setting more refined goals, and developing more useful plans. |
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Term
| According to Donald Super: |
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Definition
| Career is viewed as a combination of eight life roles some of which include son/daughter, worker, leisurite, and spouse/friend. |
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Term
| Holland's vocational theory |
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Definition
| Focuses on knowledge of oneself and knowledge of the working world. Holland has proposed that individuals and job traits can be matched, and close matches correlate with job success and satisfaction. |
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Term
| Krumboltz's social learning theory of career decision making: |
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Definition
| Posits that people choose careers based on what has been learned through modeling and reinforcement. |
|
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Term
| job enlargement and job enrichment: |
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Definition
| A key goal of both job enlargement and job enrichment is to reduce the sense of boredom that comes from doing repetitive, monotonous work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, which protects the privacy of student records in higher education institutions. It includes provisions granting the right of access to one's own records as well as limiting the disclosure of the records. |
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Term
| Troiden's model of gay and lesbian development |
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Definition
| 4) commitment. Ages 22 - 23, involves an integration of homosexual identity. People in this stage are more open about their sexual orientation, better able to make same-sex commitments, and are generally happier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for initial information to carry more weight than information received later. Consistently found in studies of impression formation. |
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Term
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Definition
Burnout is characterized by a state of depleted energy reserves, lowered resistance to illness, increased dissatisfaction and pessimism, and increased absenteeism and inefficiency at work.
5 stages: 1) honeymoon, 2) fuel shortage, 3) chronic, 4) crisis, and 5) hitting the wall. In the honeymoon stage, the employee has youthful ideals and experiences an abundance of energy, enthusiasm, and job satisfaction. Job burnout is a result of unmanaged work stress, not a symptom of work stress. Research shows that the more hours people work, the more likely they are to burn out. |
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Term
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Definition
| All standard scores utilize the mean and standard deviation and provide information about the relative status of a score in a distribution. Standard scores include t-scores, z-scores, and IQ scores. A t-score has a mean of 50, and an SD of 10. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurements of training preparability, or trainability, assesses a person's capacity for a particular type of job training. These types of measures tend to correlate with training success, but not necessarily with performance on the job. |
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Term
| Medications used to treat Bipolar |
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Definition
| Lithium and anti-convulsants. Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakote (divalproex), and Depakene (valproic acid) are used to treat Bipolar I Disorder. They are typically used when Lithium has been ineffective or is otherwise contraindicated, for example with liver disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and OCD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antidepressants are the typical pharmacological treatment for bulimia. Tricyclic antidepressants are frequently used, including Norpramin (desipramine) and Tofranil (imipramine). Even more common now is the use of an SSRI, particularly Prozac (fluoxetine). |
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Term
| Kohlberg's stages and ages |
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Definition
Kohlberg's preconventional morality stage (ages 4 - 10), in the substage of punishment-obedience or instrumental hedonism.
Kohlberg's good boy/good girl orientation of conventional morality applies to ages 10 and above. |
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Term
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Definition
| Required when several different types of treatment are given to subjects in sequence. It helps to control for carryover effects, or the confounding effects of one treatment on a future treatment. For example, it may be that CBT is only effective after medication has been used, or that one type of medication is ineffective if a different type has been used first. In counterbalancing, the sequence of treatments is varied in the different experimental groups. The Latin Square is the most sophisticated counterbalanced design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment is applied sequentially or consecutively across subjects, situations, or behaviors. Although expensive and time-consuming, it can eliminate problems associated with other single subject designs, such as the threat of history, the failure to return to baseline, and ethical concerns about the withdrawal of treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an experiment in which several observations are followed by one treatment, which is then followed by several more observations. The term "time series" is often used, however, to refer to single subject designs in general. |
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Term
| Schizoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| Involves detachment from social relationships, and a restricted range of emotions. While persons with schizotypal personality disorder feel discomfort in interpersonal relationships, those with schizoid personality disorder are indifferent to interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
| Avoidant personality disorder |
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Definition
| Characterized by a pattern of social discomfort and inhibition, fear and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, and feelings of inadequacy. |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model of persuasion |
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Definition
| People become persuaded through either the peripheral or the central route. The peripheral route to persuasion involves a focus on aspects that are not central to the message, but rather are peripheral to it, such as the speaker's appearance, attractiveness, eloquence, and expertise. The central route involves message elaboration, in which the person pays attention to the core message and thinks deeply about the relevant information. Central attitude change is relatively enduring, and tends to predict behavior. |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's ecological approach: |
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Definition
| 5 levels of environmental influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. The microsystem consists of the bi-directional relationships one has with different environments that are influential on a day-to-day basis, such as the home, school, work and neighborhood. The mesosystem looks at the interlocking influence of all these environments or microsystems. The exosystem describes the relationship between several settings, with one or more of them indirectly affecting the person. The macrosystem includes the influences of the culture, such as the dominant belief system, the economy, etc. The chronosystem addresses the role of the passage of time in the person's life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Left-right confusion (picking up paper with the wrong hand) and problems with proprioception (an inability to touch her nose). |
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Term
| Damage to the frontal lobe |
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Definition
| Disturbances in personality, planning and initiative, abstract thinking, judgment and higher mental functions. |
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Term
| Damage to the temporal lobe |
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Definition
| May result in problems with hearing, memory, emotional behavior, or receptive speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Ethics Code defines sexual harassment as sexual behavior which is either unwelcome, offensive, or creates a hostile workplace environment, and that the psychologist knows or is told this, or, is so severe that any reasonable person would recognize it as abusive. Brad's behavior would not be considered severe or abusive. |
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Term
| current psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
Insight, transference, working through.
Although catharsis played a pivotal role in Freud's earliest theories of psychoanalysis, it was replaced by an emphasis on insight, or making the unconscious conscious. |
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Term
| Rosenstock's Health Belief Model |
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Definition
| Focuses on how perceptions of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, inoculations). The Health Belief Model is multicausal. It proposes that health behaviors result from the joint influence of psychosocial factors (e.g., demographic variables, peer pressure), perceived susceptibility to disease and perceived seriousness of the disease, and perceived benefits of preventative action versus perceived barriers to preventative action. |
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Term
| Cohesiveness in group therapy |
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Definition
| Analogous to therapeutic rapport in individual therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in children aged 5 -10. Characterized by a belief that rules are decided upon by authority figures, cannot be changed, and must be followed without question. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at about age 10. Children realize that rules are flexible, are agreed upon by others, and can be changed if necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entails operant conditioning of the normally involuntary functions of the autonomic nervous system. The patient is taught to regulate certain physiological functions, and is given visual or auditory feedback (typically reinforcement) about the status of these functions, with the goal of affecting physical symptoms. |
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Term
| Helms's model of White racial identity |
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Definition
| 1st stage: contact, individuals are fairly ignorant, and don't recognize racism and their own White privilege. 2nd stage: disintegration, individuals begin to feel uncomfortable with the advantages of being White, and w/ the role of Whites in maintaining racism. To cope with this dissonance, many individuals resort to denial of racism and avoidance of people of color. A belief in White superiority, and an acceptance of racism occurs in the 3rd: reintegration. Self-examination and seeking out of new information occurs in the 4th: pseudo-independence. Stage 5: immersion/emersion, involves an active search to find a more comfortable way to be White. In stage 6: autonomy, individuals achieve a positive redefinition of being White that includes an ongoing openness to new information and new ways of thinking about racial and cultural variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second visual impression (the light) erases the first impression (the dog). |
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Term
| shrinkage of the hippocampus: |
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Definition
| Memory impairments in the elderly appear to be related to shrinking of the hippocampus, which is the brain structure responsible for memory consolidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The novel antipsychotics appear to be substantially superior in treating the negative symptoms, such as affective flattening, alogia (poverty of speech), and avolition (lack of motivation). |
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Term
| 1950's, Conger's Tension Reduction Hypothesis of alcohol use: |
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Definition
| People drink because they feel unpleasant tension, and drinking allows people to avoid or reduce unpleasant stress. Thus, drinking operates on the principle of negative reinforcement: an aversive stimulus is removed, bringing the individual into a more desirable subjective state and making it more likely that the individual will drink again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The punishment-obedience orientation is characterized by compliance with rules to avoid punishment, and is a substage of preconventional morality. In this question, the woman does not litter because she does not want to be punished (receive a fine). Instrumental hedonism is also a substage of preconventional morality, in which moral reasoning is based on obtaining rewards or positive consequences. The good boy/good girl orientation, which is a substage of conventional morality, focuses on conforming to rules to obtain approval from others. The law and order orientation, also a substage of conventional morality, involves conforming to established rules and laws. It does not emphasize the avoidance of punishment, but rather doing one's duty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals of lower SES and education have higher drop out rates in psychotherapy. When individuals of lower SES remain in therapy, however, they derive as much benefit as those of higher SES. Some research suggests that differences in treatment outcome that have been typically attributed to ethnic diversity are actually better accounted for by SES. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden withdrawal is very serious and can be fatal. Stage one symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal include tremors, sweats, agitation, and increased autonomic reactions. Stage two includes hallucinations and panic. Stage three includes single or multiple grand mal seizures. |
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Term
| withdrawal from antipsychotic medications: |
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Definition
| Insomnia, nightmares, and gastrointestinal distress. |
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Term
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Definition
Narcotics, such as heroin.
Nausea and vomiting, muscle aches, and dysphoric mood. |
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Term
| withdrawal from cocaine or amphetamines (stimulants): |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The belief in the superiority of heterosexuals, and the negative valuing and discriminatory treatment of individuals and groups who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy Theory. All 3 factors play a significant role in motivation. Expectancy refers to expectancy for success. Instrumentality refers to the belief that successful performance will result in rewards, and valence refers to the value attached to the rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulated by the thalamus and the parietal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mother is trying to form an alliance with the daughter against the father. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when both parents try to get the child to take sides with them against the other. |
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Term
| The sequences of acquisition in gender role development: |
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Definition
| gender roles, gender identity, gender constancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and loss of muscle tone are all associated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur during NREM sleep. Respiration and heart rate decrease, and muscle tone is maintained. |
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Term
| Yalom's 3 stages of group therapy |
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Definition
Stage 1: involves attempts to get oriented and hesitant participation. The content and communication style is stereotyped and restricted, the group discusses topics of little significance, there is a search for commonalities, and a lot of giving and seeking of advice.
Stage 2: involves conflict, rebellion, and attempts at dominance.
Stage 3: involves the development of cohesiveness and meaningful resolution of conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to analyze non-linear experimental data.
For example, if the dose of medication is the IV (e.g., 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg) and symptoms of depression is the DV, you might find that increasing the dose by 5 mg at small dosages decreases depressive symptoms slightly, increasing the dose by 5 mg at moderate dosages decreases depressive symptoms significantly, and increasing the dose by 5 mg at high dosages doesn't decrease depressive symptoms at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eta and Pearson r are correlational tests, and cannot be used when research is looking at differences between groups. |
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Term
| Patterson's Coercion Model of Aggression |
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Definition
| 3 steps lead to delinquency: I) Children learn to be aggressive by observing coercive and antisocial behavior in the parents. Such parents respond to a child's noncompliance with increasingly coercive and aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices then unwittingly reinforce coercive behavior on the part of the child. A cycle of escalating coerciveness ensues. The child's coercive behavior leads to conduct problems. 2) The child with conduct problems experiences academic failure and peer rejection. 3) The child then experiences a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group. Inconsistency in parenting is most linked with conduct problems. |
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Term
| subtypes associated with the sexual dysfunctions: |
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Definition
| Lifelong vs. acquired, generalized vs. situational, due to psychological factors or due to combined factors. Due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced sexual dysfunction. The specifier "situational" indicates that the sexual dysfunction is limited to certain situations, partners, or stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypnosis results in a higher proportion of false memories than true ones, and that a person under hypnosis is more likely to reconstruct memories to fill in memory gaps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes 3 basic needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG). Unlike Maslow, this theory posits that all needs can influence people at the same time, and that satisfying a need may make the need even stronger. |
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Term
| EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) guidelines |
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Definition
| state that a test that adversely affects selection constitutes discrimination unless the test has been validated, has utility, and there are no alternatives available. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at about 16-24 months of age, the infant vacillates between going to the mother and moving away from her. |
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Term
| Flooding with response prevention |
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Definition
| Based on classical extinction, involves presenting the fear producing stimulus (conditioned stimulus) while preventing the person from emitting the problematic response, which is fleeing from the stimulus. The subject is confronted with the conditioned stimulus for a sufficient duration until it no longer elicits fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-control procedure in which a person monitors the behavior of interest .Stimulus control, another self-control procedure, involves controlling the situations that trigger eating (e.g., the person eats only at certain times or only at the kitchen table). |
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Term
| OCD and neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Serotonin. You might have arrived at this answer by applying your knowledge of medications for the treatment of this disorder. SSRI. Therefore, OCD is probably related to deficiencies in serotonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Implicated in depression and mania, with low levels of norepinephrine associated with depression and high levels associated with mania. |
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Term
| court order to release treatment records |
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Definition
| Receiving a court order means that you must submit your treatment records, even if the client refuses to sign a release of information. However, you can request that the court order be modified, if you have reason to believe that the disclosure of treatment information would not be helpful. If the request for modification is refused, then you must release the records. Once a court order is received, asserting privilege is no longer an option. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of pain developed by Melzack and Wall in the 1960's. There are chemical gates that reside in the neural pathway in the spinal cord that carries messages of pain from the body to the brain. These gates can be "open," in which case the message of pain is received by the brain, or "closed," in which case the message is blocked. Negative emotional states open the gates, and positive emotions close them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups make better decisions than individuals when the problem has multiple parts that are susceptible to division of labor. Heterogeneous groups make better decisions than homogeneous groups, since homogenous groups, especially when cohesive, tend to generate less creative solutions and be more susceptible to such phenomena as groupthink and response polarization. Because of risky shift, group decisions can be more creative and innovative than decisions made by individuals working alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of therapy (e.g., cognitive or interpersonal) plus medication is most effective. A finding that is frequently reported is that keeping patients on medications after symptoms have been reduced significantly reduces relapse rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes a group of interconnected structures involved with emotional behavior, particularly aggression. Two significant structures in the limbic system are the amygdala and septum. Specifically, stimulation of the amygdala tends to increase aggression, while stimulation of the septum tends to moderate aggression. This is the opposite of what happens when these structures are lesioned or removed (lesions of the amygdala result in placidity, while lesions of the septum result in septal rage). |
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Term
| Empirical criterion-keying |
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Definition
| Developing a scoring key in terms of external standards. When empirical criterion-keying is used, it is important to establish criterion-related validity; "keying," however, refers to scoring and not the establishment of validity. |
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Term
| Abramson and Alloy's depression research |
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Definition
| Demonstrated that depressed persons are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals than persons with normal mood. Specifically, non-depressed persons have unrealistically positive assessments of their ability to control outcomes, a phenomenon termed "illusion of control" by the researchers. |
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Term
| Abramson and Alloy's depression research |
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Definition
| Demonstrated that depressed persons are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals than are persons with normal mood. Specifically, non-depressed persons have unrealistically positive assessments of their ability to control outcomes, a phenomenon termed "illusion of control" by the researchers. |
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to be less influenced by the facts. More influenced by factors that meet their personal needs, by the communicator of a message, and by discrepancy in beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A head injury severe enough to cause problems with memory would also cause problems in attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to use a symbol, such as a word, to represent an object . Symbolic representation is acquired by the end of the sensorimotor period. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to imagine a process being undone. Achieved during concrete operations (7 to 11 years). |
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Term
| Animistic thinking & Centration |
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Definition
| Characteristic of preoperational thought (2 to 7 years) involves endowing inanimate objects with feelings and intentions, and centration is the tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People eventually forget the source of a communication, yet they still remember the message. |
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Term
| Factitious Disorder by Proxy |
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Definition
| The major feature of this disorder is the deliberate feigning of medical symptoms in a dependent under the care of the individual with the disorder (the mother, in this case). The goal of the patient is to assume the sick role, or in the case of Factitious Disorder by Proxy, to have their dependent assume the sick role. In contrast to Malingering, a diagnosis of Factitious Disorder can only be made in the absence of secondary gain. Munchausen’s Syndrome is a variant of Factitious Disorder in which a patient presents with a variety of often life-threatening physical symptoms, a history of multiple hospital visits, and pathological lying. |
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Term
| suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
In the hypothalamus. The cluster of nerves called the suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) functions as the circadian clock. Sleep-wake patterns run on 24-hour cycles with two natural daily peak times for sleeping, at mid-day and at night. The SNA signals the pineal gland (also located in the hypothalamus) to produce melatonin, which in turn causes a drop in body temperature and sleepiness.
While the reticular activating system (RAS) filters incoming sensory information, and can activate a person into a state of alert wakefulness, it is not responsible for sleep-wake patterns. |
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Term
| Moderator variable on the MMPI-2 |
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Definition
| The K scale measures guardedness or defensiveness and serves as a moderator variable. Scores on the K scale are used to adjust for defensiveness, by adding points to a number of the clinical scales based on the K scale score. The L scale measures a naïve attempt to present favorably. The F scale measures infrequently endorsed items, and can be used to assess overall distress and pathology, attempts to fake bad, or random responding. VRIN and TRIN specifically measure response inconsistency or random responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relay station for all senses except olfaction. Integrates and processes all sensory information except for olfaction (i.e., smell). The hypothalamus is considered the master endocrine gland. The parietal lobes house the somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best way to control for history. Note that "time series" is often used to refer in a more general (and confusing) way to any single-subject design, including AB and ABAB. |
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Term
| Where do complex partial seizures most commonly originate? |
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Definition
| The temporal lobes are most commonly the originating site of complex partial seizures, but they can originate in any cortical region. Complex partial seizures are frequently preceded by an aura, and usually include purposeless behavior, lip smacking, unintelligible speech, and impaired consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology has been widely adapted and used in parenting programs. STEP (Systematic Training in Effective Parenting) helps parents structure family life so that children experience natural and logical consequences of both good behavior and misbehavior. These programs also help parents to identify the goals of their children's misbehavior (e.g., attention) so that they can help their children reach their goals in healthier, more adaptive ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flushed face, rambling speech, tachycardia, restlessness, and diuresis. |
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Term
| Range of standard error of measurement and standard error of the estimate: |
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Definition
| The range of the standard error of measurement is always from 0 to the standard deviation of the test (SDx). The range of the standard error of estimate is from 0 to the standard deviation of the criterion (SDy). |
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Term
| Range of validity coefficient and reliability coefficient: |
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Definition
| The range of the validity coefficient is from -1 to +1 (Response 1). The range of the reliability coefficient is from 0 to +1 |
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Term
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Definition
| The benefit of using a test for improving selection decisions. Affected by: base rate, selection ratio, and criterion-related validity. A moderate base rate optimizes incremental validity. A low selection ratio optimizes incremental validity. The higher the criterion-related validity, the better the incremental validity. |
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Term
| Kohlberg's three major levels of moral development |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's three major levels of moral development are each divided into two substages. The first major level is Preconventional Morality with an emphasis on compliance with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards. The two substages are Punishment-Obedience and Instrumental Hedonism. The second major level is Conventional Morality, with a focus on conforming to rules to get social approval. The two substages are Good Boy/Good Girl and Law and Order. The third level is Postconventional Morality with two substages of Morality of Contract, Rights and Laws, and Morality of Conscience. |
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Term
| Sue & Sue's model of racial/cultural identity development |
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Definition
| In the 1st stage, conformity, the minority person unequivocally prefers the dominant culture's values over his or her own. During the 2nd stage, dissonance, the minority person becomes increasingly aware that not all values of dominant culture are beneficial, and certain aspects of minority culture begin to have appeal. During the 3rd stage, resistance and immersion, the tides turn and the minority person tends to endorse minority held views, and reject the dominant values of society and culture. The 4th stage of introspection involves a deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings. During the final stage of integrative awareness, the person can appreciate unique aspects of his or her own culture as well as those of the dominant culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by pupillary constriction, drowsiness, and slurred speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first month constitutes an autistic phase (a speculation which has not, incidentally, been supported by further research), and months 2-4 constitute the symbiotic phase. The process of separation-individuation then begins at around 4-5 months, with four subphases: a) differentiation (5-10 months) which includes stranger anxiety; b) practicing (10-16 months) which includes separation anxiety -- and hence would be the age for greatest problems during a separation; c) rapprochement (16-24 months); and d) consolidation and object constancy (24 to 36 months). |
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Term
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Definition
| When you conduct a two-way ANOVA, you calculate three F ratios, and therefore there are three possibilities for significance. There are two possible main effects (for Variable A and Variable B), and a possible interaction effect. The important point is that when you get significance in a two-way ANOVA, it can be any combination of main effects and interactions. For example, it's possible that there would be only one main effect. It's equally possible that there would be a significant interaction effect and no main effects, or even that there would be two significant main effects and a significant interaction. Note that one of the advantages of a two-way ANOVA over two separate one-way ANOVAs is the possibility of detecting the interaction effect. |
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Term
| Radiation tx for children |
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Definition
| Among childhood brain tumors, 15-25% are cerebellar astrocytomas, which can be either benign or malignant. Chemotherapy is usually the preferred mode of treatment to avoid the problematic side effects of radiation. In young children, radiation can cause learning problems as well as reduction in growth. Other common side effects of radiation treatment for cerebellar astrocytomas include fatigue, skin rashes, and decreased appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diagnosis for someone uncomfortable with his or her homosexual orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypnotherapy is one treatment approach that is used for treating chronic pain. Chronic pain is also commonly treated with cognitive-behavioral interventions (e.g., activity-rest scheduling). PMR could negatively affect the patient's pain in that it involves first tensing, then relaxing each muscle group. |
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Term
| Privilege in court-ordered treatment |
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Definition
| Belongs to the client. Know the difference between evaluations or assessments for the court, as opposed to court-ordered therapy. When a therapist performs evaluations on behest of the court, the client has no privilege and must be informed of the lack of confidentiality at the outset. By contrast, in court-ordered therapy (e.g., for spousal abuse), the client is the holder of privilege and is typically entitled to complete confidentiality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marlatt's approach to managing addiction, which is cognitive behavioral (skills for relapse prevention are taught), views addiction primarily as an overlearned habit. |
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Term
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Definition
| How social and cultural factors influence and shape personality (social interactions). Classical analysts focus intensely on underlying unconscious conflicts. The ego analysts focus on ego defensive and conflict-free functioning. |
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Term
| withdrawal and hallucinations |
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Definition
| Alcohol, and the category of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Withdrawal from these substances can potentially be fatal. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, which is a type of hypnotic. |
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Term
| the best measure of central tendency? |
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Definition
| In general, the mean is the best measure of central tendency, however, the median is better when there are either some very extreme scores, or a substantial percentage of maximum scores. In this example, a relatively large percentage of people (25%) received the highest possible score, and so the median should be used. Average housing prices are typically reported in terms of the median, because there are some extreme values (e.g., $10,000,000 homes). |
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Term
| Adult Attachment Interview |
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Definition
| Adults are asked to discuss their early attachment experiences. Their responses are not analyzed by the content of the memories but rather by the manner in which these memories are discussed. The adult in this example would be considered “preoccupied.” Such adults are overly concerned with the attachment memories but “get lost” while they are talking, often losing their line of thought. The children of such adults tend to have ambivalent attachments. In general, adults who receive the Adult Attachment Interview can be categorized as “secure/autonomous” (high coherence and consistency); “insecure/dismissing” (contradictions and lapses in memory); and “insecure/preoccupied” (confused, incoherent). After receiving one of these three labels, adults who discuss trauma and loss may be additionally categorized as “unresolved/disorganized” if they show momentary lapses of reasoning. In general, secure adults tend to have secure infants; dismissing adults tend to have avoidant infants; preoccupied adults tend to have ambivalent/anxious infants; and disorganized/unresolved adults tend to have disorganized infants. |
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Term
| Reactive Attachment Disorder |
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Definition
| Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood occurs in reaction to "grossly pathological care" and results in "markedly disturbed . . . social relatedness." In the disinhibited type of the disorder, there is "indiscriminant sociability," e.g., the child responds to strangers in an over-friendly way. In the inhibited type, the child is inhibited, hypervigilant, or highly ambivalent. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The average effect size found in recent psychotherapy outcome research is about .85. Keep in mind that an effect size is a measure of standard deviation, so .85 means that treated people do about .85 of a standard deviation better than untreated individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social comparison theory suggests that when standards are ambiguous and subjective (e.g., "professionalism"), we compare ourselves to others (usually but not always those slightly above us). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually activity is usually limited by the absence of an available partner. |
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Term
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Definition
| ECT (Electro-convulsive therapy) is most commonly used to treat depression that seems unresponsive to other interventions (e.g., drug-resistant, therapy-resistant). Despite its history, it is no longer considered an appropriate treatment for Schizophrenia. |
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Term
| Using the term psychologist |
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Definition
| The term professional psychologist describes a person with a doctorate in psychology from a regionally accredited school. One does not need to be licensed in order to be designated as a professional psychologist. For example, a person may call herself a Social Psychologist or Developmental Psychologist without having a license. Many academicians are designated as psychologists and never get licensed. One may not call oneself a "clinical psychologist" without a license. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chi square is a non-parametric test of differences, used when data are nominal, or categorical. Although there are specific non-parametric tests for ordinal data (e.g., Mann-Whitney), the chi square can accommodate ordinal data. When there is more than one independent variable, the multiple sample chi square is run. One of the main assumptions of the chi square is independence of observations, thus, a chi square cannot be run when repeated observations are made (e.g., data are collected pre and post). |
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Term
| restricted range and correlation |
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Definition
| Correlation (along with reliability and validity) is always lower when the range is restricted for one or both variables. In this question, elementary and high schools include just about everyone, but college and graduate school restrict the range to include only the brighter students; so we would expect higher correlations between elementary and high school students on any variable than we would between college and graduate students on the same variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychologists are allowed to advertise and offer the first session (consultation) for free, provided that there is then no coercion or undue influence to get the client to continue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with anxiety, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Idiographic is the term used to describe single subject approaches while nomothetic describes group approaches. Normative data refer to data that can be compared both within and across subjects. Ipsative data, results from a forced-choice format. It can only describe relative strengths or interests within a subject and cannot be used for comparisons across subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
| SESs is negatively correlated with mental illness. In other words, higher SES is associated with less mental illness, and lower SES is associated higher levels of mental illness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' five stages are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. These stages may be remembered by the acronym "DABDA." The first stage of denial involves disbelief. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Manova is used when there are multiple dependent variables. Chi square is used when the dependent variable is nominal or categorical. The one-way anova is used when there is one IV (regardless of the number of levels) and one DV. By extension, the two-way anova is used when there are two IVs (regardless of the number of levels) and one DV; the three way anova is used when there are three IVs and one DV. The factorial anova is used when there is more than one IV (e.g, two IVs, three IVs, etc) and one DV. |
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Term
| The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
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Definition
| States that the language people use actually shapes how they think (e.g., English-speakers think about snow differently from the Eskimos since they have fewer words for it). |
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Term
| Job enrichment and enlargement |
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Definition
| Job enlargement simply involves increasing the variety of tasks, but not responsibility or degree of challenge. Research has found that job enlargement increases satisfaction but does not improve performance. In contrast, job enrichment involves increasing employees' responsibility and involvement. It has been found to increase both satisfaction and performance. |
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Term
| Right and left hemisphere |
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Definition
| The right hemisphere is involved with perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, and intuitive activities. The left hemisphere is involved with language, as well as with being rational, analytical, logical, and abstract. |
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Term
| Kohlberg development of gender identity |
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Definition
| Kohlberg outlined three stages of the development of gender identity in children. In the first stage, gender labeling, children identify others as male or female based on physical appearances such a clothing or hair style and do not recognize that gender is stable over time. Thus, as physical characteristics change (e.g., hair length), gender changes. In the second stage, gender stability, children recognize that gender is stable over time (e.g., boys will grow up to be daddies), however, there is still some confusion as to whether superficial appearance serves as a way of identifying gender. Finally, in the third stage, gender consistency, children fully understand the nature of gender as permanent across time and situation. |
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Term
| Gestalt therapy and dreams |
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Definition
| Gestalt therapists believe that different parts of a dream reflect different aspects of the person. They work with dreams by having the patient become each element of the dream. |
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