Dismantling Strategy

Systematically omitting components of a treatment and comparing dismantled treatment to full treatment.

Analogue Studies

Uses facsimilies of the actual clinical situation.

Behavioral Assessments

Idiographic approach.  Uses directly observable behaviors - goal is to identify target behaviors

Functional Analysis

Clarifying the nature of the target behaviors, including the stimuli that precede the behavior and consequences.

Delay Conditioning

CS precedes and overlaps the US and works better than presenting both the US and CS together.

Blocking

Tone (CS) --> US (shock) - evokes CR

Tone+Light (CS) --> US evokes CR

Light alone as CS does NOT elicit CR

Overcorrection

Operant technique used to eliminate an undesirable behavior that involves having an individual correct the consequences of behavior and/or to practice corrective behaviors.

Smoking Cessation

When nicotine gum is used in conjunction with behavioral techniques in smoking cessation programs the rate of success is likely to be the same.

Standard: nicotine replacement and behavioral intervention

Flooding

Client is exposed to a highly anxiety producing stimulus for 30-60 minutes.

 - long exposure better than short exposure

- Effective for OCD, PTSD and Agoraphobia

Law of Effect (Thorndyke)

Any response followed by a satisfying state of affairs is likely to be replicated.

Positive Reinforcement

Applying a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase that behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the behavior.

- Removing a restriction to enhance a positive behavior.

Positive Punishment

Applying a stimulus following a behavior to decrease the behavior.

- Spanking

Negative Punishment

Removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior.

- Time out and response cost

Avoidance Learning

A successful response prevents the occurance of an aversive stimulus.

- Conditioned stimulus produces fear by means of classical conditioning.

Behavioral Contrast

When a subject has been reinforced for two different behaviors, and reinforcement is withdrawn for one behavior, the frequency of the other behavior will increase.

Fixed Interval Scallop

An initial pause after reinforcement and then response rate acceleration as the respondent gets near the end of the interval.

Stimulus Control

When a response is performed in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another - the response is said to be under stimulus control.

Differential Reinforcement

All behaviors except the target behavior are reinforced.  It is actually a combination of positive reinforcement and extinction.

Response Cost

To decrease a behavior, a specific positive reinforcer is removed each time the behavior is performed.

How to decrease aggressiveness

1) Help the person recognize the consequences of the behavior and identify alternative modes of behavior.

2) Help the person learn to interpret responses of others more accurately

Premack Principle

When using positive reinforcement to increase a behavior, the reinforcement is applied following the behavior. 

The reinforcer is a frequent behavior - the person cannot engage in the behavior until he/she has engaged in the less frequent behavior

Sensory Memory

Short term memory when it becomes focus of attention. 

Without rehearsal, it will last 30 seconds

Short-term memory (primary memory)

Encoded by sound

The ability to rehearse information without interference

Good for about 30 seconds

Mainly auditory (7 +/- 2)

Includes working memory

Long Term Memory (secondary memory)

Three levels of Processing:

1) Structural (is it all in caps?)

2) Phonemic (what does it rhyme with?)

3) Semantic (meaning - deepest level)

Semantic memory

Holds the information to use language, including words and the symbols for them.  Meanings referents and the rules for manipulating words and symbols.

Episodic Memory

Holds memory about how things appeared and when they occurred.

- Autobiograpphical.

Metacognition

Knowing how to apply a particular strategy to a task at hand. 

Monitoring one's progress and making strategic changes

Begins at age 7

Epistemic Cognition

Knowing the limits of one's knowledge with regard to the task at hand.

Explicit Memory

Conscious recollection of previous experience encompassing declarative, episodic and autobiographical memory

- Mediated by hippocampus, amygdala, medial thalamus, temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious non-intentional memory

Procedural, perceputal and semantic memory

- Mediated by basal ganglia, substantia nigra, ventral thalamus, premotor cortex.

Schemata Theory

Our memories are altered by past experiences, current values and emotions and expectations about the future. 

- Memories are reconstructions rather than reproductions.

Serial Position Effect

- If a list is remembered, and recited with no delay, the biggining and end will be remembered to the same degree.

- If there is a delay, the beginning will be remembered but not the end.

Overlearning

Practicing beyond the first time - information is reproduced.

Learning is best when spaced.

No cramming!!

Thinning

The reduction of reinforcements once a target behavior has been established.

Fading

The gradual reduction of PROMPTS while teaching a new response.

Chaining

The association of individual responses toward making up complex behaviors.

Shaping

Method of successive approximations that involves teaching a new behavior through prompting and reinforcing behavior.

According to Beck, dysfunctional thoughts are....

Hypotheses waiting to be tested

Schemas

Underlying cognitive structures and rules effecting how people codify, categorize and interpret their experiences.

Self-instructional training of impulsive children involves....

Helping them to change their self-statements to increase their task-oriented behavior.

Token Economy

- Permit instant reinforcement

- Can be tailored to meet individual needs

- Less susceptible to satiation because they are secondary reinforcers

According to Wolpe, neurotic depression occurs when...

Anxiety becomes linked to a variety of stimuli through classical conditioning which then acts as a precipitant to depression.

Malatt & Gordon's Absitence Violation Effect (AVE)

Considers recovery after relapse to be related to attributions about the cause of the relapse

- Successful recovery is more liekly when the person blames it on external, unstable, and specific factors than when it is attributed to internal, stable and global factors.

Stress inoculation

Assumes that successful coping with stress in the present will reduce it's impact in the future.