Term
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Definition
| According to Berry, a person's level of acculturation can be described in terms of the adoption of his/her own culture and that of the dominant group as integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization |
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Term
| Adler's Individual Psychology |
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Definition
| Adler's personality theory and approach to therapy that stress the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. Key concepts of Adlerian psychology are inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, and style of life. Maladaptive behavior represents a mistaken style of life that reflects inadequate social interest. |
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Term
| Behavioral Family Therapy |
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Definition
The behavioral approach to family and marital therapy addresses the following goals:
1. increasing the couple's recognition and initiation of pleasureable interactions
2. decreasing the couple's adversive interactions (negative exchanges)
3. teaching the couple effective problem-solving and communication skills
4. teaching the couple to use a contingency contact to resolve persisting problems |
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Term
| Black Racial Identity Development Model |
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Definition
| Cross's model is based on the assumption that African American identity development is directly linked to racial oppresssion and consists of the following four stages: preencounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, and internalization/commitment |
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Term
| Communication/Interaction Family Therapy |
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Definition
| As its name implies, the communication/interaction approach to family therapy focuses on the role of communication. Research on communication processes led the developers of this apporach to a link between double-bind communication and Schizophrenia. As originally defined, double-bind communication involves conflicting negative injunctions - e.g., "do that and you'll be punished" and "don't do that and you'll be punished" - with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other nonverally. In addition, the recipient of the contradictory injunctios in not allowed to comment on them or seek help from someone else. This approach also distinguishes between symmetrical and complementary communication: Symmetrical communication occurs between equals but may escalate into a competitive one-upsmanship game. Complementary communication occurs between participants who are unqeual and emphasizes their differences (e.g., communication between a dominant and a subordinate participant). |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the tendency of counselors to interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to describe appropraite mistrust and suspiciousness of African-Americans towards whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, may be a cause of nondisclosure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term "diagnostic overshadowing" was originally used to describe the tendenct of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotioal problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis. Subsequent research has shown that diagnostic overshadowing is not related to a professional's theoretical orientation, expertise, or experience and that it applies to other diagnoses and situations. |
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Term
| Efficacy versus effectiveness |
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Definition
| A recent debate on psychotherapy outcome is over teh best way to evaluate the effects of psychotherapy. On one side of the argument are those experts who support efficacy studies (clinical trials); on teh other are those who prefer effectiveness studies, which are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different approaches to understanding and describing cultures. An emic approach is culture-specific and involves understanding the culture from the persepctive of members of that culture. An etic approach is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures. |
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Term
| Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen) |
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Definition
School of family therapy that extends general systems theory beyond the nuclear family. Emphasis is on intellectual and emotional differentiation of individual family members
Key terms include differentition of self, undifferentiated family ego mass, emotional triangles, and multigenerational transmission process. Therapy often begins with the construction of a genogram; the therapist often sees two members of the family (spouses) and forms a therapeutic triangle in which the therapist comes into emotional contact with the family members but avoides becoming emotionally triangled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The existential therapies are derived from existential philosophy and share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and the assumption that people are not static but, instead, are ina constant state of "becoming". |
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Term
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Definition
| British psychologist known for his factor analysis of personality traits, contributions to behavior therapy, and classic 1952 review of the therapy outcom studies in which he found that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, which 66% of patients receiving eclectic psychotherapy and 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial decrease in symptoms. Based on these findings, Eysenck concluded that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of therapy that has its origins in the women's movement and that is based on the premise that "the personal is political". Focuses on empowerment and social changel acknowledges and minimizes the power differential inherent in the client-therapist relationship. Feminist object relations theorists have focused on two contributors to gendered behaviors - the sexual division of labor and the mother-child relationship. Feminist therapy must be distinguished from nonsexist therapy, which focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change. |
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Term
| Formative and Summative Evaluations |
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Definition
| Evaluation is actually an ongoing process that takes place throughout the entire consultation. Formative evaluations are periodically conducted to assess the consultation process, while summative evaluations are conducted to assess the consultation product. |
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Term
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Definition
According to Freud, when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, in may resort to one of its defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, reaction formation). The various defense mechanisms all share two characteristics:
1. They operate on an unconscious level
2. They serve to deny or distort reality.
In psychoanalysis, the analysis of free associations, dreams, resistances, and tranferences consiss of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; the theoretical framework underlying family therapy. Systems can either be "open" or "closed". Open systems receive input from and discharge output to the environment. Closed systems have no exchange with the environment. Families are primarly open systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A humanistic therapeutic technique based on the concepts of Gestalt psychology ("the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"). Gestalt therapy adopts a here-and-now approach, views "awareness" as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a "growth disorder" reflecting certain "boundary disturbances" (e.g., introjection) and involving an abandonment of the self for the self image. |
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Term
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Definition
According to Yalom, therapy groups typically pass through three formative stage:
1. Orientation, participation, search for meaning, and dependency
2. Conflict, dominance, and rebellion
3. development of cohesiveness
The last state paves the way for increased self-disclosures, graeter participation in therapy, adherence to group norms, etc. Yalom believed that, of the curative factors, cohesiveness is teh most important and is teh group tehrapy analog for the therapist-client relationship in individual thearpy. Yalom also proposed that prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation can reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
The health belief model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by:
1) the person's readiness to take a particular action, which is related to his/her perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequences
2) the person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response
3) the internal and external "cues to action" that trigger the response |
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Term
| High-context versus low-context communication |
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Definition
| Refers to different communication styles exhibited by different cultural groups. Members of many culturally diverse groups in America exhibit high-context communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, anglos are more likely to exhibit low-context communication, which relies primarily on the verbal message. |
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Term
| Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model |
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Definition
Troiden's model of gay/lesbian identity development distinguishes between four stages
1) sensitization
2) identity confusion
3) identity assumption
4) identity commitment |
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Term
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Definition
Howard et al. found that the effects of psychotherapy seem to occur in stages that are related to the number of sessions and their phase model distinguishes between the following stages: remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation.
They also identified a dose dependent effect - i.e., about 75% of patients showed measureable improvement at 26 sessions. At 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85% |
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Term
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Definition
| Research examining the accuract of memories retrieved under hypnosis (repressed memories) suggests that they are often distorted or inaccurate and may actually produce more pseudomemories. However, memories retrieved through hypnosis may have therapeutic relevance even when they are historically inaccurate. |
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Term
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Definition
| IPT was originally developed as a treatment for depression, but has since been applied to other conditions as well. Although IPT recognizes the contributions of early experience, biological predisposition, and personality to depression, its focus is on one of four areas of interpersonal functioning - grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. |
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Term
| Jung's Analytical Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| A form of psychodynamic psychotherapy that views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, uncludind the collective unconscious. Techniques include the use of transference (projections of both the personal and collective unconscious), interpretation, and dreamwork. Based on the theory that personality development continues throughout the lifespan. |
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Term
| Mahler's Object Relations Theory |
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Definition
| Object relations approaches emphasize the impact of early relationships with other people ("objects") on personality development; for object-relations theorists, maladaptive behavior is the result of abnormalities in early object relations. Mahler's version of this approach stresses events that occur during the separation-individuation process. |
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Term
| Mental Health Consultation |
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Definition
| Type of consultation derived fro the medical/psychiatric model, the work of Caplan, and general systems theory. Its goal is to improve the socio-emotional functioning of clients under the consultee's care. Caplan distinguished between four types of mentla health consultation: client-centered case consultation, consultee-centered case consultation, program-centered administrative consultation, and consultee-centered administrative consultation. |
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Term
| Milan Systemic Family Therapy |
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Definition
| A form of family therapy that views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of action and reaction. The process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and inlcudes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques that foster understanding. |
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Term
| Motivational Interviewing |
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Definition
| Motivational Interviewing was developed specifically for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors and combines the transtheoretical (stages of change) model with client-centered therapy and self-efficacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Boyd-Franklin, African American families respond best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by directly incorporating its strengths into the intervention. Systems that may be included in treatment include the extended family and nonblood kin, the church, and community resources. |
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Term
| Object-Relations Family Therapy |
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Definition
| Application of object relations theory to family therapy. Focuses on both intrapsychic and interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior. Therapy involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and othe rfactors in order to foster insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in clinical supervision in which the therapist (supervisee) behaves towards the supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapeutic approach based on the assumptions that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when "incongruence between self and experience" disrupts this natural tendency. The therapist's role in person-centered therapy is to provide the client with three facilitative conditions (empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard), which enable the client to return to his/her natural tendency for self-actualization. |
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Term
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Definition
In their survet of 749 psychologists, Guy, Poelstra, and Stark (1989) found that 74.3% of the participants said they had experinced personal distress in the past 3 years, whith 36.7% saying it decreased the quality of their work, and 4.6% admitting it resulted in inadequate treatment. Other research investigating the sources of work-related problems for therapists indicates that
1) Therapists find suicidal statements to be the most stressful type of client behavior
2) therapists consider a "lack of therapeutic success" to be the single most stressful aspect of their work
3) issues related to confidentiality constitute the most frequently encountered ethical/legal dilemma |
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Term
| Postive and Negative Feedback Loops |
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Definition
| A key feature of cybernetics is its concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information. A negative feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo, while a postive feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system. |
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Term
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Definition
An approach to the alleviation of mental disordrs that is associated with both community mental health and public health. Preventions are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary:
Primary preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder.
Secondary preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.
Tertiary preventions are designed to reduce teh duration and consequence of an illness that has already occured. |
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Term
| Racial/Cultural Identity Model |
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Definition
This model (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue) distinguishes between five stages that people experience as they attept to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures. The five stanges are:
1) Conformity
2) Dissonance
3) Resistance and Immersion
4) Introspection
5) Integrative Awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary goal of reality therapy is to help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and thereby to develop a success identity. Reality thearpy (1) rejects the medical model and the concept of mental illness; (2) focuses on current behaviors and beliefs; (3) views transference as detrimental to therapy progress; (4) stresses conscious processes; (5) emphasizes value judgements, especially the client's ability to judge what is right and wrong in his/her daily life; and (6) teaches clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfull their needs. |
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Term
| Sexual Prejudice and Hetersexism (Herek) |
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Definition
| Herek argues that sexual prejudice is a more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or hetersexual. Herek also uses the term heterosexism as an "ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relatioships, or community". |
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Term
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Definition
| Researchers who used meta-analysis to combine the results of the psychotherapy outcome studies and who found, contrary to Eysenck, that psychotherapy does have a dubstantial effect for adults; i.e., an average "effect size" of .85, which indicates that the typical therapy client is better off than 80% of indivuals who need therapy but are untreated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution-focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attributes of problem (maladaptive) behavior is irrelevant and focus, instead, on solutions to problems. In therapy, the client is viewed as the "expert" while the therapist acts as a consultation/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals (e.g., the miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions). |
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Term
| Strategic Family Therapy (Haley) |
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Definition
| Family therapy approach that focuses on transactional paterns and views systems as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships. Focuses on symptom relief (rather than insight), and involves the useof specific strategies, especially paradoxical techniques and homework assignments. Influenced by structural family therapy, the communication/interaction school and the work of Milton Erickson. |
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Term
| Structural family Therapy (Minuchin) |
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Definition
| Family therapy approach that emphasizes altering the family's structure (rigid triangles, pwoer hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Involves joining the family system, evaluating the family structure, and then restructuring the family using several techniques such as enactment and reframing. Focus is on behavior change rather than achieving insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| The research is inconsistent, but there is some evidence that suicide hotlines can reduce suicide rates, especially for young white females who are the most frequent callers. |
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Term
| Therapist-client matching |
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Definition
| Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases the duration of treatment but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prochaska and DiClemente's model of behavior change that proposes that the change process involves 5 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapies (4 shared assumptions) |
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Definition
- human behavior is motivated largely by unconscious processes
- early development has a profound effect on adult functioning
- universal principles explain personality development and behavior
- insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy
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