Term
| Epidemiology study design |
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Definition
1. Experimental studies
or Clinical trial
2. Observational study |
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Term
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Definition
| study factor is manipulated by the investigator. |
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Term
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Definition
no manipulation of study factor by the investigator
1. Descriptive versus Analytic
2. Retrospective versus Prospective |
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Term
| Epidemiologic study designs (Observational study) |
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Definition
1. Prospective or Cohort study
2. Retrospective or Case control study
3. Cross sectional or Prevalence study |
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Term
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Definition
1. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
2. ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY |
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Term
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Definition
| seeks to measure the frequency in which diseases occur or collect descriptive data on possible causal factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to specify in more detail the causes of a particular disease” |
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Term
| - Descriptive: Most basic demographic studies |
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Definition
a. * cross-sectional
(a snapshot;) |
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Term
| Analytical: Comparative studies testing an hypothesis. |
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Definition
A. * cohort
(prospective; cause-and-effect relationship can be inferred)
B.* case-control
(retrospective; cause-and-effect relationship can be inferred) |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins with an exposure (smokers and non-smokers) |
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Term
| Case-control (retrospective ) |
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Definition
| Begins with outcome (cancer cases and healthy controls) |
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Term
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Definition
| Examining the distribution of a disease in a population, and observing the basic features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person. |
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Term
| Typical study design:DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY |
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Definition
| community health survey (approximate synonyms - cross-sectional study, descriptive study) |
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Term
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Definition
| Testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a putative cause, by conducting an epidemiologic study that relates the exposure of interest to the disease of interest. |
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Term
ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Typical study designs: |
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Definition
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Term
| THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Changing or stable?
Seasonal variation.
Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)?
Point source or propagated. |
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Term
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Definition
Geographically restricted or widespread (pandemic)?
Relation to water or food supply.
Multiple clusters or one? |
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Term
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Definition
Age
Socio-economic status
Gender
Ethnicity/Race
Behavior |
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Term
| To undertake an analytic epidemiologic study you must first: |
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Definition
Know where to look
Know what to control for
Be able to formulate hypotheses compatible with laboratory evidence |
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Term
| THE THREE PHENOMENA ASSESSED IN ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nutrients
Poisons
Allergens
Radiation
Physical trauma
Microbes
Psychological experiences |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic endowment
Immunologic state
Age
Personal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Crowding
Atmosphere
Modes of communication |
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Term
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Definition
phenomena in the environment that bring host and agent together, such as:
Vector
Vehicle
Reservoir |
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Term
| Cohort study/ Incidence study |
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Definition
| This study is also known as a longitudinal or incidence study design. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people who are either of the same age or share some other common characteristics |
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