1)  The leading cause of death in the United States during 1998

was

a.  cancer

b. heart disease

c.  accidents

d. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

e.  stroke

2)  Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the terms ‘diseased’ and ‘infected’ for diseases that are classified as being ‘infectious diseases’?            

a.   All diseased persons have been infected.            

b.   All infected persons are diseased persons.            

c.   Both statements are always true.            

d.   Neither statement is always true.            

e.   There is no explainable relationship for infectious diseases between ‘being diseased’ and ‘being infected’. 

A. all diseased persons have been infected, however,  on the test this was wrong

3)  The best definition of epidemiology is:           

 a.  the study of a specific disease in people           

b.  the study of all diseases in people           

c.  the study of the distribution of disease in people           

d.  the study of the determinants of disease in people           

e.  the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in people

E. The study of the distrubution and determinants of disease in people

 4)  The logical sequence by which epidemiologists pursue a research question is called the EpidemiologicMethod.  Which of the following choices is true regarding the presentation of the ‘four steps of the Epidemiologic Method’ in its standard, usual and most logical order?           

a.   Analytical Epi  à Observational Epi  à Descriptive Epi  à Experimental Epi            

 b.   Descriptive Epi à Experimental Epi à  Analytical Epi à Observational Epi           

c.   Descriptive Epi à Experimental Epi à Hypothesis Formation à Analytical Epi           

d.   Hypothesis Formation à Descriptive Epi à Analytical Epi à Experimental Epi          

  e.    none of the above 

E. None of the above

Observational Epi--> descriptive EPI--> hypothesis--> analytical EPI---> Experimental EPI

5)  A mortality rate is a (an)

a.       incidence rate

b.       prevalence rate

B. prevalence

*this wasn't on the last test, however, Not to sure what the answer is.  This was the answer on 2005's test

6)  The findings of a study can have internal validity, but not be generalizeable.                        

a. True                       

b. False

A. true

Internal validity: are you measuring what you set out to measure (variable)

External validity or generalizeble: Can you test this variable to a population at large and get similar results.

False. The vipeholm study was the unethically study done on mental ill patients.  The were given different kinds of sugar (i.e. candy, stick candy,)

Results showed that sugar doesn't necessarily give you caries, it is the frequency of consumption.  Eating sweets during meals also does not give you cavities.

8)  When a disease is declared to be ‘endemic’ in a city, it means that:            

a.  the disease is present at its usual level of incidence in that city.            

b.  the disease is present at an unusually high level of incidence in that city.                          

c.  the disease is present  at  a level which is properly described as being ‘an outbreak’ of that disease in that city.            

d.  both   b   and   c  above are correct.            

e. the disease is rapidly declining in its prevalence in that city.

A: Endemic is the usually occurence of disease within a population

Epidemic: is the unusual occurence of disease in a population

Pandemic: is a unusuaL occurence of diease in a populaiton

Sensitivity

A. The ability of a negative test to correctly test those without the disease

B. The probability of have a + test among with the disease

C. The probability of having the disease among those testing positive

d. The probability of not having the disease among those testing negative

Specificity

A. The ability of a negative test to correctly determine those without the disease

B. The probability of have a + test among with the disease

C. The probability of having the disease among those testing positive

d. The probability of not having the disease among those testing negative

a. the probability of a negative test to correctly determine those without the disease

Predictive value negative:

A. The ability of a negative test to correctly test those without the disease

B. The probability of have a + test among with the disease

C. The probability of having the disease among those testing positive

d. The probability of not having the disease among those testing negative

Predictive value positive

A. The ability of a negative test to correctly test those without the disease

B. The probability of have a + test among with the disease

C. The probability of having the disease among those testing positive

d. The probability of not having the disease among those testing negative

C. The probability of having the disease among those testing positive

Sensitivity:

A. TP= Tp/(TP + FN)

B. TN= TP/ (TP + FN)

C. TP = TP/ (TP + FP)

D. FN= TN/ (TN + FN)

Predictive value positive:

A. TP= Tp/(TP + FN)

B. TN= TP/ (TP + FN)

C. TP = TP/ (TP + FP)

D. FN= TN/ (TN + FN)

Specificity:

A. TP= Tp/(TP + FN)

B. TN= TP/ (TP + FN)

C. TP = TP/ (TP + FP)

D. FN= TN/ (TN + FN)

Predictive Value Negetive

Sensitivity:

A. TP= Tp/(TP + FN)

B. TN= TP/ (TP + FN)

C. TP = TP/ (TP + FP)

D. FN= TN/ (TN + FN)

D

FN proportion:

A. equal to 1 - specificity

B. equal to 1 - sensitivity

C. 1 - TP/ TP + FN

D. 1 - TN/ TN + FP

E. B and C

FN Proprotion

E. 1- the probability of having a positive test among those with the disease or 1- True positive

FP proportion

A. 1- specificy

B. 1- (FP/ TN + FP)

C. TP= Tp/(TP + FN)

D. 1- sensitivity

E. A and B  

E. 1 - The ability to have a negative test among those without the disease or 1- specificy

A researcher presents the findings from a case control study by saying that the odds ratio was 6.8 (2.5-18.5). The term used to describe this is called

A. the confidence interval

B. the attributable fraction

C. the risk difference

D. correlation Cofficient

E. None of the above

A

History of cigar smoking:

        +         -

+     50      50

-    100     600

How many people were included in the case group?

a. 50

b. 100

C. 150

D. 600

E. 700

History of cigar smoking:

        +         -

+     50      50

-    100     600

Based on the results of the case-control study above, what is the odds ratio for the relationship between cigar smoking and aerodigestic tract cancer?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 6

E. 24

History of cigar smoking:

        +         -

+     50      50

-    100     600

How many of the controls smoked cigars in the above case control study?

How many of the controls smoked cigars in the above case-control study

a. 50

b. 100

C. 150

d. 600

E. cannot be determined from this information

In a study of prostate cancer and diet, the relative risk for prostate cancer and a diet high in tomatotes (relative to a diet low in tomatoes was 0.5. The relative risk was statistically significant . A relative risk estimate of this magnitude (RR= 0.5) suggests that eating more (relative to fewer) tomatoes is

A. unleated to the risk of prostate cancer

B. increases the risk of prostate cancer

C. protective against prostate cancer

C.

In the case-control study of cigar smoking and upper digestive tract cancer, entry into the study was limited to males aged 30-79 years of age, i.e, women were excluded. the lack of women in the study is an example of a bias.

A. true

B. false

The DMFS score for a given individual is calculated by summing the number of decaued teeth, filled teeth, and missing teeth

A. true

B. Flase

Which of the following statments is/are true regarding cross-sectional studies?

1. They furnish a "snapshot" of disease and exposure status at a point or period of time

2. they generally cannot determine wheter exposure preceded disease

3. they are limited to small surveys

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 3 only

d. 1 and 2 only

e. 1,2, and 3

A relative risk of 4.0 can be interpreted as:

1. the risk of being exposed among the disease

2. the risk of disease among the exposed relative to the risk of disease among the unexposed

3. the risk of disease among the exposed that is attributable to the exposure

4. an incident rate of 4cases/100,000 per year

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 3 only

d. 4 only

e. at least two of the statments are correct

b. 2 only

A florida city has a stable population of 100,000 in 1999. At the begining of 1999 there were 100 persons dionosed with lung cancer. During 1999 there were 20 new cases.  there were no lung cancer deaths during 1999, and no moved from the city:

What is the prevalence

a. 20/100,000

b. 80/100,000

C. 100,100,000

D. 120/100,000

D. 120/100,000

number existing cases within a population

A florida city has a stable population of 100,000 in 1999. At the begining of 1999 there were 100 persons dionosed with lung cancer. During 1999 there were 20 new cases.  there were no lung cancer deaths during 1999, and no moved from the city:

What is the incidence:

a. 20/100,000

b. 80,100,000

c. 100/100,000

d. 120/100,000

a. 20/100,000

b. 80/100,000

C. 100,100,000

D. 120/100,000

A. number of new cases/ exsisting population

In the perfect normal distribution, what values of central tendency are identical

A. the median

B. the mean

C. the mode

D. all of the above

E. only a and b above

23. A large loss to follow-up is not a concern in a clinical trial if the sample size at the complete of tral provides aquate study power:

a. true B. false

A. true explanation

In recall bias, one group remember/reports past exposures differenly than the other group

A. True    B. false