Term
|
Definition
stomach carcinoma
environmental |
|
|
Term
Australia, NZ, Iceland
-cancer types
-cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
China, Gambia
-cancer types
-cause |
|
Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma
environmental - aflatoxin B1 (Aspergillus) |
|
|
Term
Marshall Islands
-cancer types
-cause |
|
Definition
thryoid
due to radioactive iodine after nuclear tests |
|
|
Term
Eastern Europe
-cancer types
-cause |
|
Definition
thyroid
due to radioactive iodine after Chernobyl |
|
|
Term
Africa
-cancer types
-cause |
|
Definition
Burkitt's lymphoma
EBV infection due to factor sustaining B-cell proliferation, e.g. chronic malaria |
|
|
Term
Arsenic
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
lung, skin, hemangiosarcoma
metal smelting, medications, herbicides, fungicides |
|
|
Term
Asbestos
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
lung (mesothelioma), GI tract
in construction for fire-proofing |
|
|
Term
Benzene
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma
solvent, adhesive, printing, rubber, dry-cleaning |
|
|
Term
Beryllium
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
lung
missile fuel, nuclear reactors, alloys |
|
|
Term
Cadmium
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
prostate
batteries, yellow pigments |
|
|
Term
Ethylene oxide
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
leukemia
ripening agent, rocket propellant, fumigation, sterilization |
|
|
Term
Nickel
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
nose, lung
alloys, batteries, plating |
|
|
Term
Radon
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
lung
uranium decay; often found in mines |
|
|
Term
Vinyl chloride
-cancers caused
-sources |
|
Definition
angiosarcoma, liver
refrigeration, adhesive, monomer for PVC |
|
|
Term
Alkylating agents
-examples
-actions
-cancers cause |
|
Definition
direct acting!!
anti-cancer drugs (cyclophosphamide), dimethyl sulfate, diepoxybutane, beta-propiolactone
directly akylate DNA
many (weak carcinogens) |
|
|
Term
*Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons*
-associated with?
-actions
-cancers cause |
|
Definition
*tobacco smoke*, animal fat, coal dust, benzo(a)pyrene, anthracenes
metabolically activated by CYP1A1, intercalate with DNA; detoxified by *glutathione-S-transferase*
lung cancers, skin cancers, sarcomas |
|
|
Term
Aromatic amines
-examples
-actions
-cancers cause |
|
Definition
Azo dyes, rubber
metabolically activated by P450 oxygenases, glucoronidase
bladder (beta-naphthylamine) |
|
|
Term
what is a *naturally-occurring* initiator of chemical carcinogenesis found in corn/rice?
-action/mechanism
-cancer caused |
|
Definition
aflatoxin B1 (Aspergillus in corn/rice)
collaborates with HBV
people with G:C->T:A transversion in codon 249 in p53 have a worse response to aflatoxin
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
*nitrosamines/amides*
-examples
-actions
-cancers cause |
|
Definition
food preservatives/dyes
activated by conversion to *nitrites* by GI bacteria
GI tract |
|
|
Term
Promoters of chemical carcinogenesis
-examples
-actions |
|
Definition
hormones, bile salts, alcohol, endogenous promoters
induce carcinogenesis after exposure to initiators |
|
|
Term
HPV
-actions
-consequences
-cancers caused |
|
Definition
Clonal integration at E1/E2 open reading frame, enabling E6/E7
E6: binds and degrades p53 by ubiquitination, esp at Arg-72 polymorphism
E7: binds to Rb, displacement of E2F, inactivates p53 transcriptional activity (p21)
de-regulates cell cycle controls
Benign (1,2,4,7): warts
low risk (6,11): cervical cancer
high risk (16,18): cervical cancer - *makes E6/7, degrade p53*
16,18: *invasive squamous cell carcinoma* |
|
|
Term
EBV
-actions
-consequences
-cancers caused |
|
Definition
up-regulates the expression of bcl-2
gains entry into B-cells via CD21, immortalizes B-cells
c-myc (csome 8) activates LMP-1
LMP-1 activates CD40 (T-cell) receptor on B-cell surface, activating NFkB and JAK/STAT pathways
*LMP-1 prevents apoptosis by up-regulating bcl2 expression*
EBNA-2 transactivates Cyclin D, stimulating G0->G1, and activates tranxn of LMP-1
EBNA-1 activates Ig gene rearrangement
Promotes B-cell survival, proliferation
Polyclonal B-cell mitogen sets stage for t(8:14) representative of Burkitt's
African form of Burkitt's lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma in the immunosuppressed
some cases of Hodgkin
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
HBV
-actions
-consequences
-cancers caused |
|
Definition
clonal integration
no proto-oncogenes or oncoproteins; no pattern of integration
causes hepatocellular carcinoma b/c it DAMAGES liver cells; then they proliferate & repair
HBx protein: transcriptional activation of growth factors, binds p53 and interferes with growth suppression
chronic inflammation, reactive hyperplasia increases mitotic pool
effects are indirect, multifactorial
hepatocellular carcinoma (Far East, Africa) |
|
|
Term
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1)
-actions
-consequences
-cancers caused |
|
Definition
doesn't have a v-onc
Tetrovirus; targets *CD4* for invasion
TAX: activates host cell genes for proliferation and differentiation (IL-2, GM-CSF, c-fos, c-sis, inactivates p16INK4a, inhibits ATM-mediated checkpoints)
long latent period (20-30 yrs)
de-regulates cell cycle, interferes with DNA repair, T-cell proliferation -> T-cell neoplasm
T-cell leukemia
Tropical spastic paraparesis (demyelinating neurologic disorder)
endemic in Japan and the Caribbean |
|
|
Term
H. pylori infection
-actions
-consequences
-cancers caused |
|
Definition
CagA: cytotoxin which is injected into host cytoplasm
VacA: vacuolating toxin which promotes host apoptosis
chronic inflammation, metaplasia, dysplasia
gastric lymphoma (MALToma), adenocarcinoma, carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| glutathione-S-transferase |
|
Definition
| if deleted, greater susceptibility to lung cancer (7-10x) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
p-450 gene product
10% of caucasians have a variation that makes them more susceptible (7x) to lung cancer from cigarettes; converts the bad products down to benzene, harmful |
|
|
Term
what is the primary target for chemical carcinogens?
direct vs indirect acting carcinogens |
|
Definition
DNA
indirect must be metabolically converted; most are cyt p-450 oxidase-dependent |
|
|
Term
Radiation carcinogenesis:
UV rays |
|
Definition
UVB (280-320 nb) forms pyrimidine dimers
-removal via the nucleotide excision repair pathway
-XP |
|
|
Term
Radiation carcinogenesis:
electromagnetic
particulate
exposure leads to i/c risk to? |
|
Definition
xrays, gamma rays
alpha/beta particles, protons, neutrons
leukemias (AML, CML)
thryoid cancers in children
long latency periods in solid tumors (breast, colon, thyroid, lung) |
|
|
Term
Which cancers have the highest incidence among males, females?
Which cancers have the highest death rate among males, females? |
|
Definition
prostate, breast
lung for both |
|
|
Term
what is the most common liver cancer in the U.S.?
"primary" liver cancer? |
|
Definition
metastatic carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
