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| It was decided on in Munich. Appeasement of the dictators was basically a surrender of the installment plan. It was like giving a cannibal a ginger in the hope of saving an arm. |
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| He was a fanatic with a toothbrush mustache. He plotted his way into control of Germany in 1933 with liberal use of the “big lie.” He was the most dangerous of the dictators because he combined tremendous power with impulsiveness. He secured power of the Nazi party by making political capital of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany’s depression. The German people followed him because they saw no other hope of escape from economic chaos and national disgrace. |
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| He was a swaggering Fascist. He seized the reign of power in Italy during 1922. |
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| He was the dictator of the communist Soviet Union and helped lead the spread of totalitarianism. He murdered people who didn’t politically agree with him. |
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| It was going to be the third German Empire. Hitler wanted to reunite the German speaking countries, which is why he invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia |
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| In August of 1940 Hitler began launching air attacks against Britain, before a planned invasion in September. For month the Battle of Britain raged in the aired over the British Isles. The Royal Air Force’s tenacious defense of its native islands eventually led Hitler to postpone his planned invasion indefinitely. During these months the debate of whether the United States should enter the war intensified. Roosevelt had to decide whether the United States was going to help Britain, and pro-Britain supporters followed the slogan “help Britain defend America” since they believed if Britain fell America would be next. On September 2, 1940 Roosevelt transferred 50 American destroyers left over from WWI into British hands. In return the United States was give 8 defensive bases in the United States and Canada |
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| The Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 together stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war. Certain restrictions would automatically go into effect and no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent or make loans to a belligerent, and marked the abandonment of traditional policy of freedom of the seas. It specifically tailored to keep the nation out of a conflict like WWI, if they had even in affect then the United States probably wouldn’t have been too late. These Acts kept the United States from using its power to shape international events and left the United States at the mercy of the dictators. |
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| Britain’s credit was running out in America so Roosevelt came up with the idea of lending or leasing American arms to the democracies. When the shooting was over, the guns and tanks could be returned. The Bill was entitled “An act further to promote the defense of the United States.” It was praised by administration as a device to keep the nation out of war, “Send guns, not sons.” It was heatedly debated throughout the land and Congress. Most of the opposition came from isolationists and anti-Roosevelt Republicans. It was finally approved in March of 1941 and that was one of the most momentous laws to pass Congress since it was a challenge hurled directly at the dictators. It was an economic declaration of war and geared American factories for all out war production. |
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| On December 7, 1941 Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor from distant aircraft carriers. It shocking Roosevelt who said it was a date “which will live in infamy.” There were 3,000 casualties of American personal, many aircraft were destroyed, the battleship fleet was virtually wiped out (all 8 were sunk or immobilized). Congress officially recognized war had been thrust on the United States the next day. Germany and Italy declared war on December 11, 1941, and Congress made the war official on the same day |
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| Germany, Japan, and Italy. They would eventually lose the war and suffer great loses. Germany was basically destroyed and Japan suffered from the atomic bombs. |
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| The United States, Britain, France, and Russia. They won the war in the end and were left in charge of redistributing land in Europe. |
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| The United States with marines and army division had been leap frogging the Japanese held islands in the Pacific. American forces as they moved toward Tokyo. The old strategy was to reduce the fortified Japanese outposts on their flank. The new strategy was island hopping that bypassed some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, capturing nearby islands, setting up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing. It was extremely successful. |
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He was a general for the United States Army who withdrew to a strong defensive position at Bataan. There 20,000 American troops and a much larger force of ill-trained Filipinos held off the Japanese until April 9, 1942. They were reduced to eating mules. He was instructed by Washington to leave for Australia to head the resistance against Japan before the inevitable surrender. Once his army surrendered they were treaty cruelly.
Iwo Jima: It was a tiny island needed as a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan. It was captured in March of 1945 after a 25-day assault with 4000 American dead. |
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| It was an island more than 1000 miles west of Honolulu. The Japanese sought next to seize it because from here it could launch devastating assaults on Perl Harbor and possibly compel the United States to negotiate a cease-fire in the Pacific. The battle was fought on June 3-6, 1942. The fighting was all done by aircraft and Japanese broke off action after losing 4 vitally important carriers. It was a pivotal victory to the United States and it halted Japanese juggernaut. |
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| American General who headed a secret attack on French-held North Africa to serve as a second front. The attack took place in November of 1942 and was a joint Allied operation ultimately involving 400,000 men and 850 ships. The invasion was the mightiest war borne effort up to this point in history. The remnants of the German-Italian Army were trapped in Unisia and surrendered in May of 1943. |
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| It happened on June 6, 1944. It was an enormous operation involving some 4600 vessels unwound. General Eisenhower was in command. Stiff resistance came from the Germans who expected the attack farther North. The Allies blocked German reinforcements by crippling the railroads and worsened German fuel shortages by bombing gasoline-producing plants. Fighters eventually broke out of the German iron ring surrounding the Normandy landing space. |
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| Hitler secretly hurled a powerful force at the thinly held American line in the Ardenne Forest on December 16, 1944. Hitler’s objective was the Belgian port of Antwerp. The outmanned Americans were driven back creating a “bulge” in the Allied line. The 10-day penetration was finally halted when 101st airborne division stood firm at the vital bastion of Bastogne. The Brigadier General replied to the surrender “nuts” and at last bloodily stemmed the Hitlerian offensive. |
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| February 4-11, 1945 the “Big Three” meet to discuss the dividing up of Germany, the formation of the United Nations, German war reparations, the entry of Soviet forces into the far-eastern front, and the future of Poland. The war was not officially over at this point. Stalin demands $20 billion in reparation, Poland to the Curzon line, and three seats in the UN. Since, his army is the strongest there wasn’t much room for negotiation. Stalin wanted Poland to be under Soviet control and promised to hold a free election if that was allowed. From this point on American- Soviet relations were deteriorated. July 25, 1945 the Big Three meet at Potsdam to discuss the fate of Germany. Truman has now taken Roosevelt’s place. Soviet Union wants to rebuild their economy by using German industry, which the United States would be paying to rebuild and we feared we would have to pay the whole cost to rebuild each. The compromise was to divide Germany into 4 zones (one for each of the Allied powers). The quote “an iron curtain has descended across Europe” described that everything west of the line was free; everything east was controlled by the Soviet Union. |
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| She represented the workingwomen who number 6 million. They took jobs outside the home; many of them had never before worked for wages. After the war, the women wanted to continue working and many did. It foreshadowed a revolution in the women’s role |
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| Production of nonessential items was halted and when the United States’ rubber supply was cut off, the United States made national speed limits and rationed gasoline. Rationing held down the consumption of critical good such as meat and butter. |
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| Japanese Internment Camps |
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| The Japanese- Americans were put in Internment Camps following Pearl Harbor, out of the rest of the countries fear. Here they lived in small 20 by 20-uninsulated houses. They lost everything they had had before the war. They were allowed to keep whatever they packed up |
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| There was a leap in the birth rate in the decade and a half after the war. Once they got to old age they began draining Social Security. Also, that meant more students in colleges, more workers, and more voters. |
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| It called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and an extension of Social Security. But most of it fell victim to congressional opposition from Republicans and southern Democrats. The only major successes came in raising the minimum wage, providing public housing in the Housing Act of 1949, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries in the Social Security Act of 1950. |
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| It was enacted out of fear that the employment markets wouldn’t be able to absorb the 15 million veterans. It made generous provisions for sending the veterans to school, and 8 million veterans expanded their education on the government’s bill. It also created the Veteran’s Administration to guarantee about $16 billion in loans for veterans to buy homes, farms, and small businesses. |
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| It was built by the Levitt Brothers in Long Island, New York in the 1940s. They pioneered the construction company and revolutionized the techniques of home construction. Erecting hundreds or even thousands of dwellings in a single project, specialized crews working from standardized plans laid foundations, while others raised factory assembled framing models, put on roofs, strung wires, installed plumbing, and finished the walls in record time and with cost-cutting efficiency. They were the suburbs |
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| : It offered aid (up to $20 billion), but only if the European nation could get together and draw up a rational plan on how they would use aid. This made them act as a single economic unit and cooperate with each other. It also offered aid to the Soviet Union and its allies but Stalin denounced the program. Its ultimate goal was to establish free markets |
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| It was created by the National Security Act to coordinate the government’s foreign fact gathering. They play a large role in the security of the country and often were involved in spying during the Cold War. |
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| It was fought between North Korea (Communist) and South Korea (Non- communist). The UN stepped in to aid South Korea in its fight against communism. It ended in a stale mate and many United States soldiers died. The United States still has troops in Korea along the border of the DMZ. |
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| The western powers merged their German zones to great West Germany and handed over much of the political responsibility to a council of 52 Germans. The Soviet opposed this. On June 18 the western powers announce a new currency for western Germany to help rebuild the economy. In retaliation, the Soviets build a wall around West Berlin, cutting it off from its resources and Western Germany. They also cut off the electricity. The United States decides to deliver supplies by air. During the early weeks only 160 aircraft made it into Berlin and they were usually small crafts. But, the aircraft size gradually increased and by July the daily average was 2,226 tons. |
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| In 1962 Khrushchev ordered a secret deployment of long-range nuclear missiles to Cuba along with a force of 42,000 Soviet Troops. Supposedly it was to neutralize American nuclear advantage. The Soviet managed to keep the installation a secret until, in mid-October; United States aerial reconnaissance detected the deployment of 90 Soviet ballistic missiles into Cuba and the construction of launch pads and warehouses. Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba, backed up by threat of military action. He announced his decision on national television on October 22, 1962. He warns the public that the attack is an attack on the western hemisphere, but that he would protect them at all costs. Two days later, Khrushchev contacts Kennedy. They compromise that if Kennedy would promise not to invade Cuba and move the missiles from Turkey, then the Soviet would remove his missiles in Cuba. We still haven’t invaded Cuba. |
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| The night before the “summit conference” scheduled for May 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down deep in the heart of Russia. After bungling bureaucratic denials in Washington, “honest Ike” took the unprecedented step of assuming personal responsibility. Khrushchev stormed into Paris and the conference ended before it could start. The Soviets now had proof that the United States had spies in Russia and it gave them more power. |
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| The NATO pact was signed in Washington on April 4, 1949. The twelve original signatories pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with “armed force” if necessary. The Senate approved the treaty on July 21, 1949 by a vote of 82 to 13. In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined and in 1955 West Germany joined. It marked a dramatic departure from American diplomatic convention, a gigantic boost for European unification, and a significant step in the militarization of the Cold War. It became the cornerstone of all Cold War American policy toward Europe. |
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| The Warsaw Pact was the Communist version of N.A.T.O. They agreed to fight anyone who was hindering their progress in the spread of communism. |
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