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EOC Vocab cards
Vocab
153
Geography
9th Grade
04/30/2012

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Map
Definition
A flat 2 dimespaceplanes representation of space
Term
Legend
Definition
A list of what symbols mean
Term
Compass rose
Definition
Where the 4 basic directions are
Term
Scale
Definition
Used to show how much a maps size has been reduced
Term
Thematic map
Definition
Shows information based on the theme
Term
Latitude
Definition
Imaginary horizontal line thatdrums parallel across the earth (north and south)
Term
Longitude
Definition
Imaginary lines that run up and down the map (east and west)
Term
Equator
Definition
Stretches around the middle of the earth? 0 degrees of latitude
Term
Prime meridian
Definition
Important longitude lines that divide the earth into eastern western hemispheres
Term
Continents
Definition
7 large masses on earth
Term
Sahara desert
Definition
Largest desert in the world in northern africa
Term
Savana
Definition
An area where tall,grass grow in africa
Term
Tropical rain forest
Definition
Area of tropical forest where they get 60 to 100 inches of rainfall a year
Term
Tundra
Definition
Area ofrefrozenland, with short grasses ans moss? Typically found around or in the article circle
Term
East Asia
Definition
China,Korea,and japan
Term
Subcontinent
Definition
A large piece of land smaller than contient
Term
Physical region
Definition
Defined by common landforms,soils,climate,vegetation,or animal life
Term
Formal region
Definition
Has clearclear boundaries boundaries and is usallydefined by one characteristic like rainfall
Term
Lithosphere
Definition
Esection crust and top section of the mantle
Term
Mantle
Definition
A region of hot dense rock
Term
Plate tectonics
Definition
Everything on earthis on one large metal plate
Term
Convection
Definition
The spread of heat through the movement of a liquid's substance
Term
TsunamiTsunami
Definition
Immense ocean wave caused by an earthquake underwater
Term
Weathering
Definition
TheThe wear wearing down of rocks  on the earth's surfaceby wind,water,ice,and living things
Term
Erosion
Definition
When rock,sand,and soil are broken down and carried away
Term
Deposition
Definition
Depoorator building up of materials caused by erosion
Term
Water cycle
Definition
The process of using and creating waters on earth's surface
Term
Tides and currents
Definition
Movement's of the ocean's water
Term
Atmosphere
Definition
Gases that surround the earth
Term
Biomes
Definition
Distinct geographic reigons with their own types of plants and animals
Term
Grasslands
Definition
Fertile flat reigons on many contients
Term
Steppes
Definition
Temperature grasslands in the northern hemisphere
Term
Tundra
Definition
Flat treeless lands forming a ring around the article circle
Term
El niño
Definition
Weathern pattern created by thewarming of the waters oftheta the west coast of south america which pushes warm waters and heavy rain towards the americas and produces drought conditions in Australia and asia
Term
La Nina
Definition
Opposite of el niño;brings drought conditions in the America's and heavy rains inAustralia and asia
Term
Climate change
Definition
Challenge for the future caused by burning of fossil fuels
Term
Renewable resources
Definition
Resources that can renew themselves over aperiod of time
Term
Nonrenewable resources
Definition
Resources that cannot be renewed in our lifetime or only used once
Term
Biodiversity
Definition
The variety of organisms  in an ecosytem
Term
G.i.s.
Definition
Geographic information system-technology that uses digital map information to create a databank
Term
Sustainabldevelopment
Definition
Using resources in a wat that can mett future as well as present human demands
Term
Culture
Definition
Total of knowledge,attitudes,and behaviors shared and passed by members of a group
Term
Customs
Definition
A traditional and widely  accepted way of behdoing or doing  something specific toa particular society,place,or time
Term
Hinduism
Definition
Domainant religion of india
Term
Buddhism
Definition
Religion that orginated in India about 500 b.c.; follow the teachings of buddha;follow the eightfold path;Spread to china,tibet,Japan and china where it became a religon
Term
Judaism
Definition
First monotheistic religon; oltestament of the bible;The commandment  moral code of conduct
Term
Christianity
Definition
World's most popular religion;Follows Jesus Christ teaching's;Includesa many different sects;Many regions are  americas and europe.
Term
Islam
Definition

Monotheistic;

Founded by Mohammed in 600 b.c.;Holy book is the Koran;5 pillars of faith;Popular in the middle east south and southwest asia


 

Term
Sikhism
Definition
Monotheistreliving on founded in the Punjab in the northern India in the 15th century.combines Hinduism and Islam;5th largest organized religion.Founder guru nanak
Term
Gender role
Definition
Roles  specifally assigned to men and women in a culture
Term
Urban
Definition
Referring to a city setting;Usally as a high population densityband diverse cultures.
Term
Ural
Definition

Mountain range that runs through western Russia and is considered the dividing range between Europe and russia


 

Term
 Multicultural
Definition
 containing a mix of peoples and cultures
Term
social class
Definition
divisions of a cultures people based on wealth, power and prestige
Term
social mobility
Definition
 refers to how easy or hard it is to change one’s social class within a culture.
Term
cultural reigon
Definition
region where people share common cultural characteristics
Term
funcitional reigon
Definition
 area defined by one function that may cross political boundaries. Often they are organized around a focal point such as a city
Term
Perceptual Region
Definition
based on people’s attitudes and emotions about a place. Ex: the “Deep South”
Term
middle east
Definition
 Region that lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa
Term
suez canal
Definition
canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and shortens the traveling distance between Europe and Asia
Term
latin america
Definition
applies to all of the Americas south of the United States. It has 4 main areas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies ( Caribbean) and South America
Term
panama canal
Definition
An important human-made feature in this region that goes through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and serves as a major route for International trade
Term
Sub-Saharan Africa
Definition
areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Many different ethnic groups with animistic, Christian, and Islamic religions; many affected by the slave trade and colonization
Term
oceanina
Definition
the Pacific islands of New Zealand ( colonized by the British) and other smaller nations like Tahiti that are spread across the South Pacific
Term
demography
Definition
study of population
Term
urbanization
Definition
the movement of greater numbers of people into cities
Term
settlement patterns
Definition
Human factors affect where people settle, like having a capital city at a central location; location along transportation routes; new technology can override physical barriers, and natural resources can attract settlers to an otherwise unfavorable area
Term
population density
Definition
Population Density-how many people live in a given area
Term
population pyramid
Definition
a visual that compares the number of males and females in a society and it includes the average ages of its members. Each group will be represented by a different bar
Term
shanty town
Definition
a slum settlement where poor people live in dwellings made from scrap materials—such as plywood, corrugated metal and plastic sheets.
Term
push and pull factors
Definition
the major reasons for migration that either “push” people out of their old location while “pull” factors lure migrants to a new location. Ex: push- poverty, political conflict, environmental factors, oppression. Ex: pull- freedom, economic opportunity (jobs) cultural ties
Term
social factors
Definition
concern how people organize into groups, such as religious groups
Term
ethnic persecution
Definition
when they need to migrate due to being persecuted for being members of a particular ethnic group. Ex: Rwandans needed to flee to neighboring countries to avoid being massacred
Term
religous persecution
Definition
when religious minorities have to leave a place due to their beliefs
Term
enviromental factors
Definition
migration due to the environment, like a drought, crop failures, floods, fires, earthquakes that force people to migrate.
Term
forced migration
Definition
when a migration is forced such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. This migration has accompanied war and the persecution of people throughout most of history.
Term
physical barriers
Definition
natural features that were once a migration to human migration. Examples are mountains, deserts or dense forests
Term
land bridge
Definition
a natural feature where people used to be able to walk from one land mass to another, like across the Bering Strait now that used to be a land bridge from Asia to North America ( Alaska area)
Term
diffusion
Definition
how something diffuses or spreads
Term
spatial exchange
Definition
-(Cultural Diffusion) when ideas, products, and even cultural traits can spread from one culture to another
Term
columbian exchange
Definition
-when new plants, animals, ideas and even diseases were exchanged between the peoples of the Americas and those of Europe.
Term
cultural convergence
Definition
 when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar.
Term
cultural divergence
Definition
 when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts.
Term
pandemic
Definition
an epidemic over a wide geographic area
Term
traditional ways
Definition

these societies prefer to do things much as their ancestors have done

88. Cultural Diffusion-the spread of ideas, good, technologies, and cultural traits from one society to another.
Term
genocide
Definition
when a dominant group tries to completely eliminate a religious or ethnic group -The mass murder of a people
Term
terrorism
Definition
the use of threats of terror against innocent civilians to gain attention and achieve a group’s aims
Term
technology
Definition
the use of materials, tools, and skills to meet human needs
Term
technological innovation
Definition
developmeant of new technologies
Term
gps
Definition
a spatial information system that merge information from satellites and land based sources
Term
desalinzation
Definition
removal of salt from the ocean water
Term
consitutional monarchy
Definition
 kingdom in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution
Term
direct democracy
Definition
 a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly
Term
representative democracy.
Definition
 government where the people rule through elected representatives
Term
dictatorship
Definition
government in which an individual or groups holds complete power
Term
political power
Definition
 ability of a person or group to determine the policy of a government to serve their individual or group interest
Term
political reigon
Definition
 a geographic area that is run by a specific government and has its own laws; there are various levels of political regions, such as: a country, a state, districts within a state, and cities within a state
Term
political unit
Definition

 a unit of territory defined by boundaries set by political authority and usually having a separate political organization

 
Term
borders
Definition
lines that separate one country, state, province, etc., from another
Term
sovereign nation
Definition
the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed and from which all specific political powers are derived; the intentional independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign interference
Term
international relationships
Definition
 a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies
Term
balance of power
Definition
 an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another
Term
united natons
Definition
an international organization of countries set up in 1945, in succession to the League of Nations, to promote international peace, security, and cooperation
Term
european unions
Definition
 an economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs
Term
descsion making process
Definition
a process of intelligence, design, and choice activities that result in the selection of a particular course of action
Term
goverment policy
Definition

the course of action (or inaction) taken by the state with regard to a particular issue

 

Term
point of view
Definition
the spatial property of the position from which something is observed
Term
cultural beliefs
Definition
 the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a of a particular nation, people, or other social group
Term
patriosm
Definition
 love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
Term
nationalism
Definition
the belief that people should be loyal to their nation
Term
economics
Definition
 the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management
Term
economist
Definition
an expert in economics who understands systems of production and distribution and consumption
Term
economic system
Definition

the way people produce and exchange goods

 

Term
promblem of scarcity
Definition
the fact that humanity does not possess the resources to fulfill everybody’s wishes, desires and needs all at once and all of the time; this leads to disagreements, or conflicts, between individuals and groups over how the finite resources should be distributed
Term
traditional economy
Definition
 an economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery
Term
subsistence farming
Definition
when people raise just enough food or animals to meet their own needs
Term
cottage industries
Definition
small-scale business or manufacturing activity that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment
Term
free enterprise system
Definition
economic system in which private individuals own most of the resources, technology, and businesses and can operate them with little government control
Term
capitilism
Definition
an economic system in which the means of productions and distribution are privately owned and operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the market rather than by central planning by the government
Term
profit
Definition
a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Term
supply and demand
Definition
an economic model of price determination in a market; it concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity
Term
commercial industries
Definition
economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories for the purpose of making a profit
Term
communist economy
Definition
 The government owns and operates all businesses. A plan is developed by the government, and factory managers are given quotas to meet based upon the national plan.
Term
socialist economy
Definition
– The government owns and operates many basic industries, while other businesses are privately own
Term
mixed economy
Definition
 Most countries have economies that blend features of each of the other types of economies.
Term
human development index
Definition
 Developed by the United Nations to measure a country’s level of economic development. THE HDI takes into account demographic, economic, social, and political indicators to determine the level of economic development and standards of living of the people in a nation.
Term
less developed
Definition
 A country where most people are engaged in primary economic activities such as agriculture and mining
Term
Newley developed
Definition
 A country where large numbers of people are engaged in secondary economic activities, mainly manufacturing
Term
more developed
Definition
 Like the U.S. Most workers are engaged in tertiary or quaternary economic activities, such as performing services or processing information
Term
gdp
Definition
 Like the U.S. Most workers are engaged in tertiary or quaternary economic activities, such as performing services or processing information
Term
gdp per capitia
Definition
GDP/total population in a country. Reflects the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year by an average person.
Term
infant mortality rate
Definition
The number of infants who die for every thousand births. Closely related to the level of medical care available when an infant is born.
Term
literacy rate
Definition
 Percentage of people in a country who can read and write.
Term
primary activites
Definition
The most basic economic activities in all societies involve the production of foods and the extraction of resources.
Term
secondary activites
Definition
The manufacture and production of goods. Adds value to raw materials by processing them or by changing their form.
Term
teritary activities
Definition
 Deals with services. This sector is identified by a variety of services performed by people and businesses. In U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.
Term
quatermary activities
Definition
Economic activities involving information processing and management. 
Term
globlization
Definition
The creation of a single global economy and community
Term
outsourcing
Definition
The process by which a company hires other companies to perform some of its work.
Term
human resources
Definition
 People are an ingredient in producing a good or service. Where people are located also affects the location of economic activities.
Term
capital resources
Definition
 Goods made that are used to make other goods and services, rather than being consumed.
Term
infrastruture
Definition
The foundation upon which business operate and is critical for economic growth. It’s a type of capital resource that is the investment that a society makes by building roads, railroads, electric power plants telephone and internet lines. Infrastructure also includes the investment a society makes in providing a system of law-and-order, money and banking, hospitals and healthcare, and other essential services.
Term
entrepuernship
Definition
The acts of people who bring together and organize all the other productive resources. Usually are business owners or managers.
Term
productive resources
Definition
Natural resources, human resources, and capital resources that are used by entrepreneurs.
Term
specilzation
Definition
 Different areas seem to specialize in specific economic activities, which leads to trade.
Term
comparative advantage
Definition
Due to uneven distribution of both natural and human resources, each region tends to make certain types of goods, based on the productive resources it has available. Each region will produce those goods and services it cam make at the lowest cost.
Term
export
Definition
Goods and services sold from one country to other countries
Term
import
Definition
Goods from foreign countries brought into a country for use or sale
Term
protective tariff
Definition
Taxes added to imported goods to protect a country’s existing industries.
Term
free trade zone
Definition
 No tariffs or quotas between member countries to restrict trade
Term
per capita income
Definition

 Or income per person is a measure of average income within a country. It is calculated by taking all sources of income (such as GDP or National Income) and dividing it by the total population. This can be used to compare countries’ economic development.

 
Term
life expectancy
Definition
The average age that a person in a given country can expect to live to. Usually ties back to the economic development status of a country.
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