Term
| 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (Oxidative Phase);
Glyceraldehyde--> Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Citrate --> Cis-Aconitate |
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Term
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Definition
REGULATOR: GLYCOGEN METABOLISM:
ATP --> Cyclic AMP;
Hepatic Glycogenolysis (Breakdown glycogen);
Part of Cascade Response to low Bg;
Upregulated by Gsα;
Cyclic AMP needed for activation of PKA |
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Term
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Definition
ATP+AMP --> 2ADP (example)
- interconverts Adenine Nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks down α(1-6) glycosidic bone of Raffinose;
not in human gut;
bacteria in lower intestine have it;
in Beano |
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Term
| α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
α-ketogluterate --> Succinyl CoA;
CO2 out, NADH out |
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Term
| Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS x - ANAEROBIC:
ETHANOL FERMENTATION:
Acetaldehyde --> Ethanol;
pyruvate fermentation - anaerobic conditions;
regenerates NAD+ for Glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS: Step 4:
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate converted to G3P and DHAP (2, 3-Carbon units) |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades Maltose (disaccharide found in malted barley
αDGlycopyranosyl (1-4) αDGlucopyranose);
Degrades starch in the GI track (at the non-reducing end) |
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Term
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Definition
| when binds heparin, activity increases to inhibit blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
REGULATOR: GLYCOGEN METABOLISM:
Glycogen Synthase a --> Glycogen Synthase b;
regulates glycogen synthase, favoring the inactive form;
phosphorylates glycogen synthase,
phosphorylates priming site for G3K3 |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades cellulose;
specifically B(1-4) Glycosidic bond;
in fungi and cow guts but not in humans |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades Chitin ;
specifically B(1-4) Linkage ;
contained in viruses so they can break out of the exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
binds a pentasaccharide on GM1 glycolipid,
used as a live anatomical tracer |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Oxaloacetate + AcetylCoa --> Citrate |
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Term
| Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase |
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Definition
E3:
part of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
turning Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA;
catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation |
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Term
| Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase |
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Definition
E2:
part of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
turning Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA;
catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS: Step 9:
2 phosphoglycerate --> phosphenol pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
| use heparin as a co-receptor |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - FRUCTOSE:
DFructose --> Fructose 1 Phosphate;
defects: Essential Fructosuria - fructose in urine |
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Term
| Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase |
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS:
Frusctose 1.6 Bisphosphate --> Fructose 6 Phosphate ;
part of a 2 step isomerization |
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Term
| Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (Aldolase B) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - FRUCTOSE:
Fructose 1 Phosphate --> Glyceraldehyde;
defects: hereditary fructose intolerance - fructose trapped as F1P - not enough for regular metabolism OR fructose accumulates in liver - phosphate trapped |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Fumarate --> Malate |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - GALACTOSE:
Galactose --> Galactose1P |
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Term
| Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - GALACTOSE:
Galactose1P --> Glucose1P |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose --> Fructose;
Has been used to elevate fructose level in corn syrup |
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Term
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Definition
D-Glucose + O2 --> D Glucose“d”lactone + H2O2
used to measure Bg level ;
Example of Sugar as a reducing agent |
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Term
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS:
Glucose6Phosphate --> Glucose;
only found in liver and kidney;
occurs in ER lumen - hydrolysis;
resulting glucose is transported to blood by GLUT2 |
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Term
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) |
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
(Oxidative Phase);
G6P --> 6 Phosphoglucono”d”lactone;
committing and rate limiting step |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose Transport Protein;
widely distributed in fetal tissues;
in adult highest expression in erythrocytes & endothelial cells of barrier tissues (ie blood brain barrier);
High Affinity Transporter (Km = 1.5 mM) |
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Term
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS:
Expressed by liver & pancreatic B cells;
Low affinity, High capacity transporter (Km>60mM);
Enables livr to share glucose with rest of body - glucose moves out and into bloodstream;
(Hydrolysis of G6P-->Glucose by glucose6phosphatase, occurs in ER lumen, resulting glucose is transported to blood by GLUT2) |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose Transport Protein;
expressed mostly in neurons;
High Affinity transporter |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose Transport Protein;
Expressed by striated muscle (skeletal + cardiac) & adipose tissue;
regulated by insulin - undergoes insulin induced redistribution to plasma membrane;
mediates passive transport of Glucose to muscle and adipose;
High Affinity transporter (Km = 5mM) |
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Term
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY:
GSSG--> 2GSH:
Gluthione Reduction System;
changing NADPH --> NADP+ in the process;
regenerates NADP+ for G6P --> 6 Phosphogluconate Reaction |
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Term
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 6:
G3P --> 1,3 Biphophoglycerate |
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Term
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS (Pathway from Glycerol):
Glycerol --> Glycerol 3 Phosphate |
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Term
| Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytosolic) |
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Definition
DHAP --> Glycerol -3- phosphate
NADH Cofactor
inner space/ cytosol of mitochondria |
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Term
| Glycerol 3-phospate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) |
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Definition
Glycerol-3-Phosphate -->DHAP
FADH2 Cofactor
embedded on outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Glycogen branching enzyme |
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Definition
Amylo-1,4-1,6 transglucosidase
Increase non-reducing end of glycogen (facilitating synthesis and degradation)
Anderson's Disease - enzyme MIA |
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Term
| Glycogen Phosphorylase (a and b forms) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN: Breaks down glycogen at non-reducing ends;
produces G1P;
feeds into Glycolysis @ G6P |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS: UDP Glucose + Glycogen chain --> Elongated Glycogen Chain; needs a primer of at least 8 linked glucose;
if it binds glucose it becomes a better substrate for PP1 |
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Term
| Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) |
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Definition
REGULATOR: GLYCOGEN METABOLISM:
Glycogen Synthase a --> Glycogen Synthase b (b = inactive);
downregulated by insulin;
pseudosubstrate at its own N-terminus - phosphorylatable and hence inactivated by PKB and PKA |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS;
Primes the initial synthesis of Glycogen;
starting @ G-TYR194 + UDP Glucose --> UDP Glucose chain for glycogen synthesis
2 enzymatic activities = Glucosyl transferase & chain extending |
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Term
| Glycosyl-(4-6) transferase |
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Definition
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS:
Branch Chain made from Straight Chain;
Glycogen branching enzyme;
more non-reducing ends facilitate synthesis & degredation |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 1: converts glucose --> G6P (Glucose-6-Phosphate):
change requires ATP and Mg2+:
gamma phosphate of ATP is transferred to C6-OH of Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme secreted by some pathogenic bacteria,
can hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages of hyaluronan (a glycosaminoglycan)
makes tissues more susceptible to bacterial invasion
(hyaluronan is found in the vitreous humor and extracellular matrix of cartillage) |
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Term
| Inorganic pyrophosphatase |
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Definition
HEXOSE ACTIVATION/ SUGAR NUCLEOTIDE:
PPi --> 2Pi (Pyrophosphate --> 2 Phosphate) ;
this rapid hydrolysis makes nucleotide-sugar formation irreversible
(Sugar nucleotide allows intracellular tagging of Hexose: for interconversion and biosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Isocitrate --> α-ketogluterate |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOXYLATE CYCLE:
Isocitrate --> Susscinate + Glycoxylase
Together with malate synthase allows for the bypass of decarboxylation steps of TCA |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades Lactose (Gal (B1-4)G1C :
a disaccharide) ;
shortage = lactose intolerance |
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Term
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS x - ANAEROBIC:
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
2 pyruvate --> L-Lactate; regenerating NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue ;
Anaerobic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
(Oxidative Phase);
6-phosphoglucono”d”lactone --> 6-phosphogluconate |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE
Malate --> Oxaloacetate;
NADH out; |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase |
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Definition
HEXOSE ACTIVATION/ SUGAR NUCLEOTIDE:
Sugar Phosphate + NTP --> NDP + PPi
Hexose activate as sugar nucleotides from sugar phosphates;
Net Rxn: Sugar Phosphate + NTP --> NDP Sugar + 2Pi |
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Term
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Definition
binds Gal-(β1→3)-GalNAc,
a marker for cone photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS:
Oxaloacetate --> Phosphoenolpyruvate;
anaplerotic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 3:
Converts F6P --> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate:
Requires ATP and Mg2+ |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN:
G1P --> G6P
(G1P comes as intermediate from glycogen);
phosphoenzyme intermediate involved;
acts like an exhanger;
Ser phosphate (gives to make the 6P, takes away to make the 1P - similar to phosphoglycerate mutase with 3PG-2PG) |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 7:
1,3 Biphosphoglycerate --> 3 phosphoglycerate |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 8:
3 phosphoglycerate --> 2 phosphoglycerate;
takes one phosphoryl group - puts the other on in a new spot |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 2:
Converts G6P --> Fructose-6-Phosphate:
Ring is opened and reformed to make the new 5C ring |
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Term
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
(Oxidative Phase);
D-Ribulose5P --> D-Ribose-5-Phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
REGULATOR:
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE:
phosphorylase a --> phosphorylase b
Glycogen synthase b --> Glycogen Synthase a;
upregulated by insulin in both |
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Term
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Definition
REGULATOR:
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM:
Inactive phosphoylase b --> Active phosphoylase b;
Glycogen phosphorylase activation part 1;
increase in glycogen breakdown;
part of cascade response to low Bg - Hepatic Glycogenolysis |
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Term
| Protein kinase B (PKB, aka Akt) |
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Definition
REGULATOR: GLYCOGEN METABOLISM:
GSK3 active --> GSK3 inactive;
phosphorylates pseudosubstrate @ N-terminus of GSK3;
activated by insulin to inactivate GSK3 (resulting in more glycogen synthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
GLUCONEOGENESIS:
Pyruvate --> Oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS x - ANAEROBIC: ETHANOL FERMENTATION:
Pyruvate --> Acetaldehyde ;
pyruvate fermentation: anaerobic conditions;
regenerate NAD+ for Glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
E1+E2+E3/ SYNTHESIS ACETYL CoA:
E1:
part of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex turning Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 10:
Phosphenol Pyruvate --> Pyruvate |
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Term
| Ribose-5-phosphate epimerase |
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
(Non- Oxidative Phase);
Ribose-5-Phosphate --> Xyulose 5 Phosphate;
process of converting R5P back to G6P |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Succinate --> Fumarate |
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Term
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Definition
TCA CYCLE:
Succinyl CoA --> Succinate |
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Term
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Definition
Degrades Sucrose
(G1C(α1-2B)Fru : Disaccharide) |
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Term
| Thiamine pyrophosphokinase |
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Definition
(TTPase): Thiamine --> Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP/ Vitamin B1);
TPP: Coenzyme for: pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, α-ketogluterate dehydrogenase, transketolase |
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Term
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
(Non- Oxidative Phase);
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate --> Erythrose-4-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY:
Xyulose 5 Phosphate --> Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate;
part of net reaction Ribulose 5 phosphate --> Glucose 6 Phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
GLUGONEOGENESIS (Pathway from Fructose):
Glyceraldehyde --> Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate |
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Term
| Triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) |
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS:
Step 5:
converts DHAP to G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate)
- G3P can proceed in glycolysis (DHAP cannot proceed) |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOLYSIS FEEDERS - GALACTOSE:
UDP Glucose --> UDP Galactose |
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Term
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Definition
GLYCOXYLATE CYCLE:
acetyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate --> (S)-malate + CoA |
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