Term
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Definition
| Having access to adequate food |
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Term
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Definition
| living with chronic hunger, malnutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of calories or critical vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of calories or nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Industrialized agriculture |
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Definition
| High-input agriculture that uses large inputs of energy from fossil fuels, water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale |
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Term
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Definition
| human labor and draft animals for family food; the method that uses mostly the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family's survival with a little leftover to sell or store as a reserve for hard times. |
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Term
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Definition
| a polyculture that involves burning and clearing small pots in tropical forests, growing a variety of crops for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients, and then shifting to other plots to begin the process again |
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Term
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Definition
| the introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain that can greatly increase crop yields |
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Term
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Definition
| Use naturally predators or diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| The combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the level that causes an economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal |
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Term
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Definition
| Planting a field or an area of a field with different crops from year to year to reduce soil depletion |
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Term
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Definition
| crops that completely cover the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| No banned fertilizers of pesticides; no hormones or antibiotics; no genetic engineering; products 95% certified organic ingredients; must be certified |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms whose genetic makeup has been modified by genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been widely used as a pesticide but is now banned in some countries |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical less-developed countries |
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Term
| traditional intensive agriculture |
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Definition
| a method where farmers increase their inputs of human and draft-animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water to produce enough food to feed their families and to sell some for income |
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Term
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Definition
| a practice where some traditional farmers focus on cultivating a single crop, but many grow several crops on the same plot simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which one or more desirable genetic traits in the population of a plant or animal are selected |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene revolution that develops genetically improved strains of crops and livestock animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a concentration of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice for raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rice paddies, or underwater cages |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of soil components, especially surface litter and topsoil from one place to another by the actions of wind and water |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more because of a combination of prolonged drought that dries out soil and human activities that deplete or degrade topsoil |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated applications of irrigation water in dry climates lead to gradual accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem where water accumulates underground and gradually raises the water table, especially when farmers apply large amounts of irrigation water in an effort to leach salts deeper into the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| any species that interferes with human welfare by competing with us for food, invading lawns and gardens, destroying building materials, spreading disease, invading ecosystems, or simply being a nuisance. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals designed to kill or inhibit the growth of an organism that people consider undesirable |
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Term
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Definition
| Methods used to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of soil nutrients, and restore nutrients already lost by erosion, leaching, and excessive crop harvesting |
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Term
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Definition
| organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost, applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactured inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium along with trace amounts of other plants nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Dung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humans available to support crop growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially decomposed organic plant and animal matter that can be used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| producing crops without the use of synthetic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetically engineered seeds, and raising livestock without the use of genetic engineering, synthetic growth regulators, or feed addictives |
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Term
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Definition
| Area, where all available pores in the soil and rock of the Earth's crust are filled by water |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper surface of the zone of saturation, in which all available pores in the soil and rock of the Earth's crust are filled with water |
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Term
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Definition
| physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake, estuary, or slow-flowing stream receives inputs of plant nutrients from natural erosion and runoff from the surrounding land basin |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical process that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large floating objects and to allow solids and rock to settle out |
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Term
| secondary sewage treatment |
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Definition
| a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake, estuary, or slow-flowing stream receives inputs of plant nutrients from natural erosion and runoff from the surrounding land basin |
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Term
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Definition
| Overnourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients because of human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad and diffuse areas from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or the air |
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Term
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Definition
| Single identifiable sources that discharge pollutants from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| purification of salt water or brackish water by removal of dissolved salts |
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Term
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Definition
| flat valley floor next to a stream channel |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition in which an area does not get enough water because of lower than usual precipitation or higher than normal temperatures that increase evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| The land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances to a major stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Water flowing off the land into bodies surface of water |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface runoff on the water that generally can be counted on as a stable source of freshwater from year to year |
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Term
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Definition
| Water that sinks into the soil and is stored slowly flowing and slowly renewed underground reservoirs; underground water in the zone of saturation, below the water table |
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Term
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Definition
| porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water |
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Term
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Definition
| Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration |
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Term
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Definition
| most energy comes from nonrenewable energy resources; use to supplement the sun's energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of high-energy available from an energy resource minus the energy needed to find, extract, process, and get that energy to consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| conventional or light crude oil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology |
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Term
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Definition
| bitumen, viscous hydrocarbon, environmentally harmful |
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Term
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Definition
| oil from shales containing kerogen |
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Term
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Definition
| a useful and clean-burning fossil fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| the mixture of liquefied propane and butane gas removed from natural gas and used as a fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| a plentiful but dirty fuel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| must be stored safely for 10,000 to 240,000 years |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear fused to form a heavier nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of the total energy input that does useful work and is not converted into low-quality, usually useless heat in an energy conversion system or process |
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Term
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Definition
| production of two useful forms of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| energy-efficient and money-saving building designs using natural lighting, solar energy, recycling of wastewater, and energy-efficient appliances and lighting |
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Term
| passive solar heating system |
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Definition
| captures sunlight directly within a structure without the use of mechanical devices and converts it into-temperature heat for space heating or heating water for domestic use |
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Term
| active solar heating system |
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Definition
| Uses solar collectors to capture energy from the sun and store it as heat for space heating and water heating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organic matter produced by plants and other photosynthetic producers; the total dry weight of all living organisms that can be supported at each trophic level in a food chain or food web; the dry weight of all organic matter in plants and animals in an ecosystem; plant materials and animal wastes used as fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat transferred from the earth's underground concentrations of dry steam, wet steam, or hot water trapped in fractured or porous rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| atmosphere’s second layer |
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Term
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Definition
| much of the atmosphere's small amount of ozone is concentrated in a portion of the stratosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| its short-term atmospheric conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| The general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions over long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural warming effect of the troposphere |
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Term
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Definition
| prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce mass movements of the surface water |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in concentrations high enough to harm organisms, ecosystems, or human-made materials, or to alter the climate |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals or substances emitted directly into the air |
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Term
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Definition
| some primary pollutants react with one another and with other natural components of air to form new harmful chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of UV radiation from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| weather events in which a layer of warm air temporarily lies atop a layer of cooler air near the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from the burning of fossil fuels; Wind carries these pollutants; React with water in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which ocean waters become more acidic largely as a result of their absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere |
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Term
| carbon capture and storage |
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Definition
| strategy for dealing with carbon in the atmosphere in which co2 is removed from exhausts coming out of the smokestack of a coal-burning power and stored somewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| depletion varies with altitude and location |
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Term
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Definition
| social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services to satisfy people's needs and wants |
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Term
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Definition
| a social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed to satisfy people's needs and wants |
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Term
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Definition
| resources and services produced by the earth's natural processes supporting all economies and all life |
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Term
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Definition
| people's physical and mental talents that provide labor, organizational, and management skills and innovation |
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Term
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Definition
| items made from natural resources with the help of human resources |
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Term
| high-throughput economies |
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Definition
| an economic system in most advanced industrialized countries in which ever-increasing economic growth is sustained by maximizing the rate at which matter and energy resources are used |
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Term
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Definition
| subsidies that lead to environmental damage |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition under which people cannot meet their basic needs |
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Term
| matter recycling and reuse economy |
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Definition
| the economy that emphasizes recycling the maximum amount of all resources that can be recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system based on working with nature |
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Term
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Definition
| government by the people through elected officials and representatives |
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Term
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Definition
| body of environmental laws, rules, and regulations developed, implemented, and enforced by one or more government agencies, along with environmental programs funded by those agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| how people think the world works and what they believe their role in the world should be |
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Term
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Definition
| what one believes about what is right and what is wrong in our behavior toward the environment |
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Term
| planetary management worldview |
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Definition
| beliefs that we are the planet's most important species; there is always more, and it is all for us; good economic |
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