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Environmental Science: Test 1
Environmental Science: Test 1
60
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2010

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Term
Renewable and nonrenewable resources
Definition
Not all resources are renewable
Renewable - solar, hydroelectric
Nonrenewable - oil
Term
Pollution
Definition
Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms
Term
Air pollution
Definition
Transportation - #1 cause of air pollution
Vehicles, industrial sources
Term
Water pollution
Definition
Agriculture - #1 cause of water pollution
Factories, human waste, power plants, chemical supply places
Term
How pollutants enter the environment
Definition
Pollutants may enter the environment naturally or through human activities
Point, nonpoint, and line sources
Term
Point sources
Definition
Single identifiable source
Smokestack, leaking pipe
Term
Nonpoint sources
Definition
Water on a gold course, fertilizer runoff
Term
Pollutant effects are dependent on... (4)
Definition
1. The pollutant's chemical nature
2. The pollutant's concentration
3. The pollutant's persistence
4. The sensitivity of the receiving environment
Term
Tragedy of the commons
Definition
Cumulative effect of many people exploiting common property resources, resulting in environmental degradation
Term
Strategies for sustainable living (5/10)
Definition
1. Reduce waste of matter and energy resources
2. Pollution prevention and waste reduction
3. Compost, recycle, reuse
4. Products that are durable and easier to repair, reuse, and recycle
5. Greater use of renewable energy: sun, wind, hydro, and biomass
6. Protect vital habitats for wild species
7. Political and economic systems that reward environmental protection and discourage degradation
8. Use renewable resources no faster than they can be renewed
9. Slow population growth
10. Reduce poverty
Term
Environmental science
Definition
The study of how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment
A multi-disciplinary science including physics, chemistry, biology, geology, law, economics, social science, engineering, and other disciplines
Term
Organic and inorganic compounds
Definition
Compounds can be organic or inorganic
Organic compounds carbon and most contain hydrogen
Term
Important organic compounds (5)
Definition
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Chlorinated hydrocarbons
3. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - banned in 1995
4. Carbohydrates
5. Nucleic acids and genes
Term
Important inorganic compounds (8)
Definition
1. Sodium chloride
2. Water
3. Nitrogen oxides (Nox)
4. Carbon monoxide
5. Carbon dioxide
6. Sulfur oxides (Sox)
7. Hydrogen sulfide
8. Ammonia
Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to do work and transfer heat
Kinetic and potential
Term
Forms of energy
Definition
Light
Heat
Electricity
Chemical energy stored in matter
Moving matter (wind, water)
Nuclear energy
Term
Kinetic energy
Definition
Moving energy
Term
Potential energy
Definition
Stored energy
Term
Carbon cycle
Definition
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a key component of nature's thermostat
Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and water to produce carbohydrates and O2 (oxygen)
Respiration produces CO2
Some carbon lies deep in the earth and is released during burning of fossil fuels
Volcanic eruptions release CO2
CO2 is dissolved in the ocean
The carbon cycle has been distributed by vegetation removal and burning fossil fuels and wood
Term
Nitrogen cycle
Definition
Nitrogen gas is not usable by plants or animals
Nitrogen fixation - conversion of nitrogen gas to usable forms by bacteria
Other bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas
Nitrogen oxides are produced by man and are emitted into the atmosphere - ozone
Nox are a component of acid rain
Livestock waste and fertilizer runoff produce pollution containing nitrates
Algal blooms
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
Conversion of nitrogen gas to usable forms by bacteria
Term
Phosphorus cycle
Definition
Phosphorus is circulated from land and ocean sediments to living organisms and back
Phosphorus is most often the limiting factor for plant growth
Geologic and climatic processes cycle phosphorus among rock, water, and air
Humans intervene by mining phosphorus and by water pollution from livestock, fertilizer, and sewage
Term
Sulfur cycle
Definition
Much of earth's sulfur is underground in rocks and minerals
Hydrogen sulfide is released from volcanoes and decaying organic matter
Sulfur dioxide is released by volcanoes and from burning fossil fuels and oil refining and smelting of ores
Sulfur compounds are the biggest component of acid rain
Term
Hydrologic cycle
Definition
A fixed supply of water is collected, purified, and distributed
Processes (6): evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, percolation
Glaciers contain much of the earth's water
Humans intervene
Term
Aquifers
Definition
Porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water
1/3 of drinking water comes from aquifers
Term
Ecology
Definition
Study of how organisms interact with one another and their environment
Term
Types of species (5)
Definition
1. Specialists
2. Native
3. Immigrant
4. Indicator
5. Keystone
Term
Specialist species
Definition
Have very defined habitat or needs
Panda - bamboo
Term
Native species
Definition
Indigenous to the area
TN - deer, raccoons, beaver
Term
Immigrant species
Definition
Brought into the area
TN - wild boar, carp, rats
Term
Indicator species
Definition
Indication of environmental quality
Flies
Term
Keystone species
Definition
Play an extremely important role
Pollinating bees, predators
Term
Species interactions (5)
Definition
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Parasitism
4. Mutualism
5. Commensalism
Term
Competition
Definition
Two species competing for food in one area
Coyotes and foxes
Term
Predation
Definition
Members of one species feed on another species, but do not live in or on the prey
Lions and zebra
Term
Parasitism
Definition
One parasite preys on a host by living in or on the host to the host's detriment
Fleas, lice
Term
Mutualism
Definition
Members interact to the benefit of both
Clownfish and anemone, rhinoceros and birds
Term
Commensalism
Definition
Interaction between two species that benefits one but doesn't benefit nor harm the other
Bromeliad and tree
Term
Natural capital (5)
Definition
The natural resources and services provided by nature that keep us and other species alive and support our economies
1. Air
2. Water
3. Soil
4. Plants
5. Wind
Term
Hydrologic processes (6)
Definition
1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Infiltration
6. Percolation
Term
Evaporation
Definition
Conversion of water into water vapor
Term
Transpiration
Definition
The evaporation of water from plants; leaves
Term
Condensation
Definition
Conversion of water vapor into droplets of liquid
Term
Precipitation
Definition
Rain, sleet, hail, snow
Term
Percolation
Definition
Flow of water through soil and rock formations to aquifers
Term
Infiltration
Definition
Movement of water into soil
Term
Humans intervene in the cycle by... (2)
Definition
1. Withdrawal of water from surface and aquifer supplies
2. Clearing of land resulting in increased runoff and flooding
Term
Sustainability
Definition
Ability of earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
Term
Organism
Definition
Any form of life
Term
Species
Definition
Groups of organisms that are biologically similar and can reproduce
Term
Population
Definition
All members of the same species occupying a given area at the same time
Term
Habitat
Definition
Place where a population (or individual organism) typically lives
Term
Niche
Definition
Role, job, etc
Term
Community
Definition
Populations of all the different species occupying a particular place
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
A community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy
Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components
Term
Major components of an ecosphere (4)
Definition
1. Atmosphere (air)
2. Hydrosphere (water)
3. Lithosphere (crust)
4. Biosphere (all ecosystems; where everything lives)
Term
Limiting factor
Definition
Determines whether a particular species can thrive in a certain place
Temperature, rainfall
Term
Primary consumers
Definition
Herbivores - eat plants that produce photosynthesis
Rabbits
Term
Secondary consumers
Definition
Carnivores - eat plant eaters
Fox (eat rabbits)
Term
Tertiary consumers
Definition
Eat other meat eating animals
Tigers, wolves
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