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| each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy. |
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| a historic term that expressed a biological community of plants and animals and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession |
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| hardy species which are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succesion that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem |
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| a simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees. |
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| one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited |
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The ecological succession that occurs on a preexisting soil after the primary succession has been disrupted or destroyed due to a disturbance that reduced the population of the initial inhabitants.
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| the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume |
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| a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material. |
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| interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. |
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| a relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association |
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| an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. |
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An organism that is infected with or is fed upon by a parasitic or pathogenic organism
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A form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different species
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| an organism that consumes other organisms in a food chain. |
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| an organism that serves as a primary producer in a food chain. |
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