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| the solid part of the Earth that consists of all rock, as well as the soils and loose rocks on the Earth's surface |
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| Earth's thin outer layer composed almost entirely of light elements |
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| the layer beneath the crust, makes up 64 percent of the mass of the Earth. It is approximately 2900 km thick and is made of rocks of medium density |
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| Earth's innermost layer composed of the densest elements. |
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| Earth's outer layer - a cool rigid layer, 15km to 300km thick, that includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is divided into huge pieces called tectonic plates |
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| the layer beneath the lithosphere - a plastic, solid layer of the mantle made of rock tha flows very slowly and allows the tectonic plates to move on top of it |
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| the lower part of the mantle |
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| the outer shell of the Earth's core amde of liquid nickel and iron |
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| a sphere of solid nickel and iron at the center of the earth |
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| lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core |
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| pieces of the lithosphere that glide acreoos the underlying asthenosphere in much the same way as a chunk of ice drifts across a pond |
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| a break in the Earth's crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another |
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| Where do Earthquakes occur? |
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Definition
| at or near tectonic plate boundaries |
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| removal and transport of surface material |
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| the mixture of gases that surround the earth |
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| What 2 gases make up 99% of the earth's atmosphere? |
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| atmospheric layer nearest the Earth's surface |
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| above troposphere (temperatures rise as altitude increases because the ozone absorbs the sun's UV energy |
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| 03, molecule made up of 3 oxygen atoms - almost all ozone is concentratred in the ozone layer of the stratosphere. ozone reduces the amount of UV radiation that reaches earth, it harms people and other organisms |
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| transfer of energy across space and in the atmosphere |
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| Energy from the sun is transferred in the earth's atmosphere by what 3 mechanisms |
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| radiation, conduction, convection |
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Definition
| the flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object |
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| transfer of air by air currents |
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| gases trap heat near the earth's surfaact |
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| continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water |
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| liquid water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor |
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| water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles, which form clouds, in which droplets collide, stick together, and create larger heavier droplets. |
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| when droplets from clouds fall as rain, snow, sleet, hail |
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| concentration of dissolved salts in the ocean |
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| a little more than 3% of the water on Earth is fresh water - most is locked in glaciers and icecaps, some in lakes, rivers, wetlands |
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| concentration of dissolved salts in the ocean |
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Definition
| a little more than 3% of the water on Earth is fresh water - most is locked in glaciers and icecaps, some in lakes, rivers, wetlands |
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| a rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water |
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| the surface of land where water enters an aquifer |
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| narrow layer around the Earth's surface in which life can exist. |
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| energy enters and leaves the system but matter doesn not (Earth is a closed system) |
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