Term
| Risk factors that predispose certain individuals to developing environmental illness are: |
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Definition
1) Age, especially the very young and older adults
2) Poor general health
3) Fatigue
4) Predisposing medical conditions
5) Certain medications |
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Term
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Definition
| The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment |
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Term
| What two ways the body gains and loses heat? |
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Definition
| Within the body itself and by contact with the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in temperature between the environment and the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of heat, especially within the body |
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Term
| Three types of thermogenesis: |
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Definition
Work induced (results form exercise)
Thermoregulatory Thermogenesis (Controlled by endocrine system)
Diet-induced thermogenesis (eating, digesting, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heat flows from higher temperature matter to lower temperature matter. (sitting on cold rock.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat loss to air currents passing over the body. (heat lost to air) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy through space or matter (sitting next too a cold object without actually touching it) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of heart when Change of a liquid to vapor - perspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines mechanisms of convection, radiation and evaporation accounts for a large portion of the body's heat loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| the maintenance or regulation of a particular temperature of the body. |
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Term
| A naked person can be expose to an external environment ranging from 55F to 144F and still maintain a fairly constant internal body temperature. This is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____________ is a portion of the diencephalon producing neurosecretions important in the control of certain metabolic activities, including temperature regulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two Mechanisms of heat dissipation? |
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Definition
| Sweating and Vasodilation |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Heat Conservation |
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Definition
| Shivering and Vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| Basal Metabolic Rate - rate at which the body consumes energy just to maintain stability; rate of an awake, relaxed person 12 to 14 hours after eating and at a comfortable temperature. |
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Term
| Explain exertional metabolic rate. |
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Definition
| rate at which the body consumes energy during activity. It is faster than the basal metabolic rate. |
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Term
| 4 types of heat disorders are: |
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Definition
1) Hyperthermia
2) Heat Cramps
3) Heat exhaustion
4) Heatstroke |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of abnormally high core temperature, specifically the body core temperature. Can present as heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke. |
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Term
| Signs of hyperthermia can include: |
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Definition
| Diaphoresis, Increased Skin Temperature, Flushing, Altered Mentation and ALOC |
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Term
| Predisposing factors to hyperthermia: |
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Definition
| Pediatrics, Geriatrics, Diabetics, Medications, Level of acclimatization, length and intensity of exposure and environmental factors. |
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Term
| Why is a diabetic predisposed to hyperthermia? |
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Definition
| Autonomic Neuropathy - condition that damages the ANS, which usually senses changes in core temperature and controls vasodilation and perspiration to dissipate heat. |
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Term
| What physiological principle do beta-blockers interfere with that can predispose an individual to hyperthermia? |
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Definition
| Beta-blockers interfere with vasodilation and the capacity to increase heart rate in response to volume loss and thermoregulatory input. |
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Term
| Psychotropics and antihistamines, such as antipsychotics and phenothiazines, can do what regarding hyperthermia? |
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Definition
| These drugs interfere with central thermoregulation. |
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Term
| Heat (Muscle) Cramps are what? |
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Definition
| Muscle cramps caused by overexertion and dehydration in the presence of high atmospheric temperatures. |
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Term
| Why should you not administer salt tablets to a patient suffering heat cramps? |
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Definition
| It can cause ulceration and hypernatremia. |
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Term
| How much fluid can a person working in hot weather lose an hour? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much sodium can a liter of lost water (due to heat) contain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A mild heat illness; an acute reaction to heat exposure. |
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Term
| General Tx for Heat Exhaustion: |
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Definition
1) Remove the patient from the environment.
2) Place the patient in supine position.
3) Administer an oral saline solution.
4) Remove some clothing and fan the patient.
5) Treat for shock, if shock is suspected. |
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Term
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Definition
| True environmental emergency that occurs when the body's hypothalamic temperature regulation is lost. Generally a core temp > 105F, CNS disturbances and cessation of sweating. |
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Term
| S/s of heatstroke can include: |
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Definition
Cessation of sweating
Very hot skin that is dry or slightly moist
Deep respirations that are highly irregular
Hypotension with low or absent diastolic readings
CNS distrubances (ALOC, AMS)
Possible Seizures |
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Term
| General Treatment for heatstroke patient includes |
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Definition
1) remove the patient from the environment.
2) Initiate rapid active cooling.
3) Administer Oxygen
4) Administer fluid therapy if the patient is alert and able to swallow
5) Monitor the ECG
6) Avoid vasopressors and anticholingeric drugs.
7) Monitor body temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distress
2) Vision Disturbances
3) Decreased urine output
4) Poor skin tugor
5) Signs of hypovolemic shock |
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Term
| Fever is also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most two common antipyretics? |
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Definition
| Acetaminophen and Tylenol |
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Term
| What are three cold disorders? |
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Definition
1) Hypothermia
2) Frostbite
3) Trench Foot |
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Term
| What is considered hypothermia? |
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Definition
| When a core body temperature drops below 95F. |
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Term
| Two degrees of hypothermia and their criteria are: |
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Definition
| Mild and Severe. Mild is greater than 90F but less than 95F, while Severe is less than 90F. |
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Term
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Definition
| ECG Deflections found at the junction of the QRS complex and the ST Segment. Associated ith hypothermia with core temps below 32C; most commonly in leads II and V6. |
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Term
| What is another name for J waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| General treatment for hypothermia includes: |
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Definition
1) Removal of wet garments
2) Protect against further heat loss and wind chill.
3) Maintain the patient in a horizontal position.
4) Avoid rough handling, which can trigger dysrhythmias.
5) Monitor the core temp.
6) Monitor the cardiac temp. |
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Term
| Why should ACLS drug administration be carefully monitored in the hypothermic patient? |
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Definition
| Drug metabolismed is slowed; drugs may accumulate to a toxic level if given too quickly. |
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Term
| Active Rewarming may use active external methods. What are some of these methods? |
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Definition
| Warmed Blankets; Heat packs placed on areas of high heat transfer such as the neck, axilla and groin; warmed IV fluids. |
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Term
| Warm water immersion CAN be used as a method of active rewarming but what is a serious complication of such (and explain mechanism)? |
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Definition
| Rewarming shock is a possible complication. Involves an acute dialation in peripheral vessels results in a shift of toxins and metabolites from extermities to the core. |
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Term
| What are you mild hypothermia s/s? |
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Definition
| Lethargy, Shivering, Lack of coordination, pale, cold, dry skin; early rise in VS |
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Term
| Explain the physiology of Cold Diuresis? |
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Definition
| Core vasoconstriction causes inreased blood volume and blood pressure, so kidneys remove excess fluid to reduce the pressure, thus causing diuresis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmentally induced freezing of body tissues causing destruction of cells. |
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Term
| What are two types of frostbite? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Explain the physiology of Superficial Frostbite? |
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Definition
| Freezing involving only epidermal tissues resulting in redness followed by blanching and diminished sensation; also called frostnip. |
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Term
| Explain the physiology of deep frostbite? |
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Definition
| Involving epidermal and subcutaneous tissues resulting in a white appearance, hard (frozen) feeling on palpation and loss of sensation. |
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Term
| Treatment for frostbite includes: |
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Definition
1) Do not thaw the affected area if there is any possiblity of refreezing.
2) Do not massage the frozen area or rub with snow.
3) Administer analgesia prior to thawing.
4) Elevate and immobilize thawed part.
5) Do not puncture or drain blisters.
6) Do not rewarm frozen feet if they are required for walking out of a hazardous situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A painful foot disorder resembling frost bite and resulting from exposure to cold and wet, which can eventually result in sloughing or gangrene; also called immersion foot. |
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Term
| Difference between drowning and near drowning? |
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Definition
| Drowning results in death within 24 hours of submersion; near drowning does not result in death or either the death occured after 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry drowning is where the laryngospasm prevents water from entering the lungs; wet drowning is where no spasm occurs and fluid enters the lungs. |
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Term
| How does a freshwater drowning affect alveoli? |
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Definition
| It washes away surfactant resulting in aveolar collapse. |
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Term
| How does a saltwater drowning affect alveoli? |
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Definition
| It's hypertonic nature draws fluid from alveolar capillaries into airway results in pulmonary edema. |
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Term
| Describe the Mammalian diving reflex. |
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Definition
| Breathing is inhibited, heart rates becomes bradycardic and vasoconstriction develops everywhere except cerebral and cardiac blood flow. |
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Term
| As a general rule, anyone who has been submerged for at least _____ minutes cannot be resuscitated. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a diving ascent is too rapid, what may ensure? |
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Definition
| Air Emoblus results from blood gases coming out of solution too quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of nitrogen bubbles within the tissues due to a rapid reduction of air pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Expansion of air held in the lungs during ascent. |
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Term
| Aterial Gas Emoblism (AGE) |
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Definition
| An air bubble or air emoblism that enters the circulatory system from a damaged lung. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of air in the mediastinum |
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Term
| High altitude illnesses start to become manifested at what altitude? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of thermogenesis that results from exercise is: |
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Definition
| Work-Induced Thermogenesis |
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Term
| Through the mechanism called evaporation, water evaporates from the skin and lungs at approximately ______ mL/day. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is important in any heat-related or cold-related emergency to obtain a core temperature reading such as from the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that may contribute to a susceptibility to hyperthermia include: |
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Definition
| Medications, Age of the patient and health of the patient. |
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Term
Treatment of the patient with heat cramps includes all of the following except:
a) Administer Salt Tablets
b) administer an oral saline solution
c) place the patient in a cool environment
d) If the patient is unable to take fluids orally, consider an IV of NS |
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Definition
| A) Administer Salt Tablets |
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Term
| When the core body temperature drops below ________ an individual is considered to be hypothermic. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the most common presenting dysrhythmia seen in hypothermia. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The 3rd most common cause of accidental death in the US is: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The return of unoxygenated blood from the damaged alveoli to the bloodstream is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| All near drowning patients should be admitted to the hospital for observation since complications may not appear for _____ hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is kept constant. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the condition that develops in divers subjected to rapid reduction of air pressure while ascending to the surface following exposure to compressed air, with formation of nitrogen bubbles causing severe pain, especially in the abdomen and joints. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ develops as a result of increased pulmonary pressure and hypertension caused by changes in blood flow at high altitude. |
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Definition
| HAPE (High Altitude Pulmonary Edema) |
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Term
| If any person using scuba equipment presents with neurologic deficits during or immediately after ascent, ______ should be suspected. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If ascent is very rapid, altitude illness will commonly occur at _______ and beyond. |
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Definition
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