Term
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Definition
when the concentration of a pollutant (in a fish for example) in a living organism is higher than the environment in which it lives. 2 mechanisms for bioaccumulation:
1.Bioconcentration
2.Biomagnification |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when water passes through organism- nonpolar compounds can selectively diffuse from water into organism's fatty tissue. |
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| Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) |
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Definition
equilibrium concentration of chemical in organism and water:
[S] organism/[S] water
predict using Kow |
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Term
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Definition
octanol/water partition coefficient
Kow= [s]octanol/[s]water --> reported as logKow--> Kow for DDT is 10^6 so log Kow is 6
bioconcentration when 4<log Kow<7
when log kow <4 its water soluble (excreted)
when log Kow is >7 its absorbed into sediment |
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Term
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Definition
concentration of a chemical that increases up the food chain
ex. DDT in Great Lakes 1991
water(10^-6 ppm)-->invertebrates(.01 ppm)-->small forage(.4ppm)-->salmon/trout(1ppm)--> herring gull(6ppm)
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Term
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Definition
all banned in US except for endosulfan
used for soil insects and fireants, cockroaches, termites, locusts |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of harmful effects on living organisms by substances that are foreign to them |
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Definition
| study of human health effects by accidental exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid onset of symptoms immediately following intake of a dose |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms are from chorinc long-term exposure to a lower dose |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of chemical (mg or μg) / kg body weight |
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Term
| 3 Classes of Substances of Most Concern |
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Definition
mutagens
carcinogens
teratogens |
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Term
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Definition
cause mutations to DNA which can be inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| cause birth defects in fetuses |
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Term
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Definition
| Lethal Oral Dose for 50% of test population |
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Term
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Definition
| no obserable effects level (threshold) |
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Term
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Definition
Average Daily Intake
for humans take NOEL/100 to get ADI: also called TRD (toxicity reference dose) |
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Term
| Non-Organochlorine Insecticides |
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Definition
organophosphate and carbabmate insecticides
less persistent, biodegradable, dont bioaccumulate (H2O soluble), can be more acutely toxic to mammals, have to apply more frequently (less persistent) |
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Term
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Definition
based on phosphoric acids (H3PO4), can be phosphate esters or thiol esters (OH changes to SH)
affect nervous system like DDT--> continuous nerve impulses
indoor use is banned
top priority for EPA to re-examine use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| introducing practicing that prevent pests from flourishing Ex.get rid of standing water for mosquito control (remove opportunity for breeding/food) |
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Term
IPM
Host-Plant Resistance |
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Definition
| plants resistant to pests including GMO's (genitically modified organism) |
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Term
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Definition
| using non-chemical methods to remove pests-mouse traps, weeding etc. |
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Definition
| preventing introduction of an invasive species |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that destroy plants, kill weeds, without harming beneficial plants.
since 1960's herbicides most common insecticide in US 50% is for corn soybeans, and cotton |
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Term
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Definition
| (bloomington, IN), government program est. too address hazardous waste sites- allows EPA to clean up the site, compells responsible parties to pay for the clean up |
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Term
| Long Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants |
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Definition
leap frog to poles during volitilization-condensation cycles:
highest concentration of pollutants at poles |
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Term
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Definition
toxicity equivalency factor:
Used to quantitate toxcicity
all compounds are compared to most toxic compound (2,3,7,8 TCDD) |
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Term
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Definition
injecting hot water into lakes and rivers that does not contain enough O2 (aq) for fish to live
Ex: cooling water for power plants |
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Term
| Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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Definition
the capacity of organic and biological matter i a smaple of natural water to consume O2 (measure of pollution) |
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Term
| Total Organic Carbon (TOC) |
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Definition
(experimentally tested)
dissolved and suspended carbon in sample (ppm in ground water) |
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Term
| Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) |
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Definition
"dissolved" if particles less than 0.45 μm
in surface H20 -5 ppm
in bogs- 50 ppm
untreated sewage- hundreds of ppm |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum contamination level |
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Term
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Definition
different memebers of a chemical family that vary in numbers of and placement of substituents |
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