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| increases stability on ships, when ship reaches destination => water discharged into local bays, rivers, or lakes |
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| a condition in which people cannot meet their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, education, or health |
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| highly developed countries: complex industrialized bases, low rates of population growth, and high per capita income |
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| moderately developed countries: medium levels of industrialization, average per capita income (lower than HDC) |
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| less developed countries: countries with low levels of industrialization, high fertility rate => high infant mortality, low per capita income |
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| minerals and fossil fuels which are present in limited supplies, natural processes do not replenish nonrenewable resources within a resasonable period of time (on the human scale) |
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| nature replaces these resources fairly rapidly and can be used as long as they are no overexploited |
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| human use of materials and energy |
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| a situation in which there are too many people in a given geographical area |
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| consumption overpopulation |
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| a situation which occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources |
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| each person has an average amount of productive land, fresh water, and ocean => supply them with food, wood, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal |
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| when the ecological footprint is overshot and there is short-term and long-term results which occur |
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| environmental IMPACT = amount of PEOPLE x the AFFLUENCE per person (resources consumed) x environmental effects from the TECHNOLOGIES used to obtain and consume the resources |
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| Paul Ehrlich (biologist) and John Holdren (physicist) |
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| environmental sustainability |
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| the ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
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| "1915-2003 ""tragedy of the commons"" in science the inability to solve environmental problems because of struggle between short-term INDIVIDUAL welfare and long-term ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL welfare" |
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| the more animals per individual => greater advantage to the individual yet land is OVERGRAZED which compromises the food supply for the future generations |
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| those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility - the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries |
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| information with which science works from which conclusions are made |
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| the interdisciplinary study of human's relationship with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment |
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| the branch of bio that studies the interrelationships between organisms and their environment => basic tool of environemntal science |
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| steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
| 1) recognize a question or unexplained occurrence 2) develop a hypothesis 3) design/perform an experiment to test the hypothesis 4) analyze and interpret the data to reach a conclusion 5) share new knowledge |
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| the way a scientist approaches a problem, by formulating a hypothesis and then testing it by means of an experiment |
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| an integrated explaination of numerous hypotheses, each supported by a large body of observations and experiments |
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| a factor that influences a process. In scientific experiments, all variables are kept constant except for one. |
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| an essential part of every scientific experiment in which the experimental variable remains constant. The control provides a standard of comparison in order to verify the results of an experiment. |
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| reasoning that uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principal. |
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| reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationship amoung data more apparent. |
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| stages of addressing enviro problems |
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Definition
| 1) assessement 2) risk analysis 3) public involvement and education 4) political action 5) evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| SM 1) the gathering of information, the problem is defined ... data is collected to form a model => predictions of the future, generates more question |
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Definition
| SM 2) analyze the potential effects(including adverse) of the scientific assessment = what is expected to happen if a certain course of action is followed |
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Term
| public education and involvment |
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Definition
| SM 3) explaining the problem and presenting alternatives, presenting probable costs (telling the public pros and cons)" |
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| SM 4) officials select a course of action and implement it |
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| SM 5) the results of any action should be carefully monitored both to see if the enviro problem is being addressed and to improve the initial assessment |
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