A group of individuals of the same species in an area.

Systematic organization of values that establish explicit principles for conduct and behaviour

Instrumental Value

Anthropcentric (human centred). Relates to the usefullness or the economic value. 

Direct Value: concerned with the enjoyment satisfaction or gain recieved directly by consumers (most popular value)

Indirect Value: tend to reflect value of wildlife to society at large, rather than individuals or specific groups

Resources expected future use and value. ex, you dont want to destroy an environment because it may contain plant with medicinal properties

Animal's value is based on removal from its habitat (dead or alive). 

Consumptive uses of wildlife

1. Hunting

2. Products

3. Recreation, education and science 

- 1500-1850, founding of the "new world"

- Characterized by the notion of a limitless nature > resoures appeared to be in exhaustibale 

- fur trade was a main incentive for westward expansion 

- resources often depleted in certain areas, but people simply moved on 

- ex Great Auk, American bison and Passenger Pigeon 

Characterized by regulation and preservation. Recognition that sources may be declining, espically following western expansion. Governments began imposting regulations for management

a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently and rationally according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting that resource.

Heavy focus on improving fish and wildlife populations for recreational hunting and fishing. 

Active management through stocking

Establishment of preserves, parks and protected areas 

Process by which natural habitat is ineffective in supporting the community of species once found there. Destructive vs transformative. It could be destructive for one species but transformative for another. 

Causes: agriculture, forest clearing, mining, urbanization etc. This is the single factor for species decline over the last century 

It doesnt occur all at once. Its less dramatic, and therefore you are less concerned if you loose a couple acres here and there but it all adds up

Conditions near the edge that are different from the middle, that are highly influenceed by the matriz. edge habitat vs interior habitat. Some species cant handle edge environmnets so thay avoid these places, most places in Ontario are like this 

The total area of avaliable habitat decreases, the area of remaining habitat patches decreases and the connectedness of remaining habitat decreases

Area Affects: some species require areas to be of specific sizes.

Isolation Affects: species require connections with other conspecifics for breeding etc. Connectivity/reduced isolation also facilitates disperal and recolonization 

Island and fragmentation: means smaller less connected areas. Reduction in size and connectiveness is detremental to population size and species richness

Non-indigenous, non-native, exoitic, introduced, alien species. Invasive species are non-native species that have survived, reproduced and spread to the point causing adverse ecological or economic effects.

- Ability to reproduce through fast growth and rapid reproduction

- Tolerence of a wide range of environmental condtions

- Ability to live off a wide range of food

Potential commodity or resource, used as control measures, exoitic pet release and unintentional through transportation

- resource compeition

- predation

- pathogens and parasites

- ecosystem modification 

- cost money to eradicate them 

- damage or loss of other resources

Lands and their natural resources should not be consumed by humans and should instead be maintained in their pristine form.

Application of ecology to wildlife populations in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of people

Normative statements affirm how things should or ought to be, how to value them, which things are good or bad, which actions are right or wrong. These concepts "set the agenda" for conservations efforts.

The process of returning, as nearly as possible a biotic communitye to a condtion of bio/ecological integrity 

The often vital and economically valuable functions of healthy ecosystems 

1. Provisioning Services: products obtained from ecosystems (food, fresh water, fiber, wood etc)

2. Regulating Services: Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes  (climate, disease and water regulation. Water purification and pollution) 

3. Cultural Services: Nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems (educational, inspirational, cultural, recreation, religious etc)

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to mee their own need 

- Social

- Environmental

- Economic

1. Overexploitation 

2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentaion 

3. Invasive Species

4. Chains of extinction 

5. Habitat degradation and pollution

6. Pollution 

7. Climate change

At a very basic level, populations exist in a balance between gains and losses. If gains exceed losses, populations grows. If gains exceed losses, population grows and is losses exceed gains, population declines.

Density Dependent Limits: variables that become more limiting as the density increases

Density Independent Limits: Variables whose importance is independent of the density of the populalation

Deterministic variables affect a population in constant relation to its size. Predictable and accountable (generally)

These variables are unpredictable events. Demographic, genetic, environmental and catastrophoc stochasticity. Smaller populations are more suspectible. 

- large population size of organism

- few offspring are produced

- late maturity

- long life expectency 

- reproduce more then once

- live to their max life span

- Many offspring are produced

- Early maturity

- Short life expectency 

- Reproduce once

- Small size of organisms 

- Most die within a short time but few live longer

The maximum level at which a natural resource can be routinely exploited without long-term depletion. Espically in forestry and fisheries 

Unsustainable levels of harvest. Rate of take/harvest exceeds the capacity of the species/population to replace itself. 

Process where a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original

- conditions near habitat edge influence by 'matrix'

- Microclimates change, entrance for invasive species

- Edge habitat vs interior habitat 

Process whereby tissue concentrations of a chemical increase as it passes up the food chain through thwo or more tropic levels

Direct: direct consumption of toxin or something contaminated with toxins 

Indirect: indirectly effected like through the loss of food

Species with an entire conservation strategy devted to it OR which is given a particular emphasis in habitat management or ecosystem and biodiversity protection

Crucial in maintaing organization and diversity of their ecological communities. Exceptionally important relative to the rest of their community. Loss would have significant effect on the ecosystem structure.

Capable of excluding (through competition or predation) other species from the community 

Critical to mutualistic relationships. 

Herbivores that utilize vegetation to a pint where they influence composition and structure (elephants)

Species which alter the physical environment to create conditions upon which several other species depend 

Species whose protection will also result in the protection of numerous other species. Generally species that cover large areas in their daily or seasonal movements. Large carnivores are most widely considered 

A species whose characteristics (e.g presence or absence, abundance or population density, dispersion, reproductive success etc) are used as an index of attributed to difficult, inconvient, or expensive to measure for other species or environment conditions of interest 

Due to biological traits, these species are more vulnerable than others to human disturbance and the probability of local or widespread extinction

Popular or well-known species used to popularize conservation efforts. These are frequently species that humans readily identify with (often known as keystones, umbrellas or indicator species)

Rare, threatened and endangered species. Generally refers to species low in numbers and are at a greater risk of extinction of extripation. 

ex-situ: preservation of components of biological diversity outside natural habitats (e.g zoos)

in-situ: preservation of components of biological diversity within natural habitat (e.g national parks)

Zoos: a garden or park where wild animals are kept for exibition 

Aquarium: an establishment where aquatic organisms are kept and established

Botanical Gardens: a garden often with greenhouses for the culture, study and exibition of special plants 

a type of genetic drift describing the loss of the allelic variation that accompanies founding of a new population from a very small number of individuals (a small sample of a much larger source population)

attempt to estabush a species in an area which was once part of its historical range, but from which it has been extripated or become extinct

Deliberate and mediated movement of wild individuals or populations from one part of their range to another

Soft: gradually accustoming the animal to its new evironment before release, frequently used in association with captive breeding programs 

Hard: released directly to the wild without prior conditioning to the site. frequently the case with translocation of wild captured individuals

- Should take place where original cause(s) of extinction have been removed and where habitat requirements of the species are satisfied. 

- Should not occur if a species became extinct because of habitat change 

- Species should only be re-introduced if measures have been taken to reconsitute the habitat to a state sutiabe for the species 

an area of land or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means 

Linear habitats that differ from the matrix in which they are embedded. Pathways by which animals move, but can also act as habitats themselves 

Two major functions:

1. Permit regular daily or seasonal movements

2. Facilitate dispeal from birth place to adult home range 

- Designated zone surrounding a protected area which acts as a buffer from negative external impacts 

Tools for integrting conservation and development. Protected areas at their core, surrounded by a buffer and transition zone 

Conservation function: to contribute to the conservtion of landscapes, ecosystms, species and genetic variation

Development function: to foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable 

Logistic function: to provide support to research, monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issue of conservation and development