Term
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Definition
French Roman Catholic
Basis approach and process - Doubted everything
First certainty - ‘cogito, ergo sum’ = I think therefore I am.
Second, conceived of a ‘more perfect being’ than himself
God must certainly exist because the human mind cannot have creation
Finally, proved the existence of the world and of his own body
Relationship between spirit and matter
‘res cogitans’ = one that thinks
‘res extensa’ = one that occupies space
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Definition
Arnold Geulincx, Belgian
Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715), French
Concept- Body and soul communicate by divine intervention
Critique - seemed to blame God for evil
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Definition
Benedictus (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677)
Concept
‘monos’ - only one substance
Body and soul different attributes of one substance
Critique - Pantheistic
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Term
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Definition
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716)
Concept - Infinite number of independent substances
They only match each other in an incidental way
Critique - Implies that God foreordained everything
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Term
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Definition
John Locke (1632-1704) & ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate)
Concepts
Experience is of the two types - Outward and Inner
Three levels of experience - Self, Outer reality, God
‘Probability’
The level of knowledge from the repeated observation is probably true
This type of knowledge might be real but there is never absolute certainty
Faith (Revelation)
Toleration
Christianity (most ‘reasonable’ of all religions)
At the core of Christianity he saw the existence of God and faith in Jesus Christ, the Messiah |
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Definition
AD 1689 - Essay on Toleration
AD 1690 - Essay on Human Understanding
AD 1695 - The Reasonableness of Christianity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Advocate of Deism
True religion must be natural, no revelation, and all mankind should accept the blanket of all religion |
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Definition
‘Father of English Unitarianism’
XII Arguments, 1645
Graduate of Oxford
Argued against the Deity of the Holy Spirit |
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Term
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Definition
| as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God, in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God). |
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Term
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Definition
Pessimistic about reason
Reason is limited and prior philosophers thought of reason as too high
Denies any rational proof for God
Destroyed Logical basis for Deism |
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Term
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Definition
Francoise-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
Supported religious toleration, and was against fanaticism
Pushed for equality and human rights
Monarchy was to serve the people, not the monarch |
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Term
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Definition
Agreed in a republic form of government
Christianity was a moral force |
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Term
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Definition
He did not believe religion/anything should not be dogmatic, instead it should be done naturally
He attacked the idea of original sin. |
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Term
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Definition
Leibnitz- no communication between mind and matter
Hume- only knowledge through experience is valid
Kant’s alternative system
Noumenon - the very nature of an object
Phenomena
No ‘innate ideas’
‘Fundamental structures of the mind’
Of quantity (unity, plurality, and totality)
Of quality (reality, negation, and limitation)
Of relation (substance, cause, and community)
Of modality (possibility, existence, and necessity) |
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Term
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Definition
Silesian (German) cobbler and peripatetic visionary
Reacted to Lutheranism
The syncretism of what orthodoxy is.
Cultivation of inner (spiritual) life
Brilliant Dawn (unpublished)
Writings on magic, occult, alchemy, theosophy
Concepts - Holy Spirit over Scripture |
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Term
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Definition
Cobbler’s apprentice turned religious ‘seeker’
Rejected organized religion
Central concept: ‘inner light’
Followers = “children of light”, “Friends”, “Quakers”
Fox was imprisoned because of his faith |
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Term
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Definition
Their emphasis on community of believers
Their interest in rectifying social problems |
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Term
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Definition
early became a Puritan, influenced by Huguenots
(2) became Quaker, 1667--imprisoned
(3) obtained colonial grant to settle debt of Charles II to Penn's
father
(4) established Pennsylvania colony--as an experiment
(a) bought land (already granted) from the Indians:
therefore established good relations with them
(b) allowed religious toleration for all
i) Quakers persecuted elsewhere, especially
Massachusetts Bay
ii) only Rhode Island also allowed toleration
then
(c) Philadelphia = "brotherly love" |
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Term
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Definition
Aristocratic Swede
Scientific studies spawned religious interest/quest
Spiritual visions
Central ideas:
Visible world ‘corresponds’ with invisible world
Scriptural meaning found in spiritual world
‘Parousia’ = revelatory vision and spiritual world
Followers founded ‘church of the New Jerusalem’ |
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Term
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Definition
A reaction to both rigid/formalistic orthodoxy and to the
Rationalists |
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Term
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Definition
Lutheran from Strasbourg
Not opposed to Lutheranism
Collegia pietatis
Pia Desideria (Holy/Pious Desires), 1675 |
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Term
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Definition
| written by Philip Jacob Spener |
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Definition
Lutheran from Lubeck
Studied at Erfurt and Kiel
Influenced by Spener
University of Halle
Desired to bridge pietism and orthodox Lutherans
Modern missions to India |
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Term
| Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf |
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Definition
Devout Lutheran
Stepfather = Spener
Studied under Francke
Served at the court of Dresden
Moravians
200 Hussite refugees (Bohemian Brethren)
Herrnhut (The Lord’s Watch)
Missionary emphasis under Zinzendorf’s leadership |
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Term
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Definition
200 Hussite refugees (Bohemian Brethren)
Herrnhut (The Lord’s Watch)
Missionary emphasis under Zinzendorf’s leadership |
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Term
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Definition
He was said to have been the last man with encyclopedic
knowledge, and he wrote on almost every academic field.
b. His scientific ideas, whether on physics, astronomy, biology, or
some other branch of science, were accepted for so long because
they were all-encompassing and made up a beautiful, harmonious
system. |
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Definition
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Definition
University of Paris
Doubted Aristotle's claim that the earth was stationary
Proposed a daily rotation of the Earth on it’s axis |
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Term
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Definition
Troubled by Aristotle’s theory of violent motion
Contact between mover and moved
Inner energy=impetus
Galileo’s theory of inertia |
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Term
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Definition
| He made it easier to use, so that you could do more complicated calculations. It needed to be simplified to be functional |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced shortcuts for complex calculations for astronomy (logarithims) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
calculus
Made possible for mathematical equation with continuous change |
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Term
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Definition
Air pump
Vacuums
Aristotle and skepticism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Scientific Method
The deductive method (fine for philosophy, but not science)
General to Particular
Theory over observation
The inductive method
Particular to General
Observation over theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth is the center of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the Sun is the center of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
“Father of the Scientific Revolution”
A new model needed to exist
Heliocentric hypothesis
Rejecting Aristotle
Concentric crystalline spheres
Rotation of the planets
He believed the revolution of planets around the sun were perfect circles |
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Term
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Definition
| central point which the epicycle went around |
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Term
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Definition
complicated
Four elements: earth, air, fire, and water
violent motion |
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Term
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Definition
Quintessence
Perfect, uniform, circular motion
Eternal and changeless
Obvious problems
The theory of violent motion and ripples in the air
The theory of natural motion and acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
His observations of the moon seemed to disprove
Aristotle’s theory that heavenly bodies were made out of
some really thin material |
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Term
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Definition
Danish astronomer
Did not use a Telescope?
1572 - “new star”
1577 - comet
A cosmological scheme between Aristotle and Copernicus |
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Term
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Definition
Copernican system
Tycho Brahe’s data and three laws of planetary motion
Elliptical
Motion of planets
Not uniform, their speed changed as they moved away from the sun
A great machine
Aristotle’s sublunar and superlunar mechanics |
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Term
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Definition
University of Pisa
1589 - professor of mathematics
1592 - chair at the University of Padua
The Starry Messenger, 1610
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, 1632
Discourse on Two New Sciences, 1638
“strength of materials”
“Motion of objects”
Buridan’s theory of impetus
Theory of Inertia |
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Term
| The Starry Messenger, 1610 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
University of Pisa
1589 - professor of mathematics
1592 - chair at the University of Padua
The Starry Messenger, 1610
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, 1632
Discourse on Two New Sciences, 1638
“strength of materials”
“Motion of objects”
Buridan’s theory of impetus
Theory of Inertia |
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Term
| The Starry Messenger, 1610 |
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Definition
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Term
| Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems, 1632 |
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Definition
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Term
| Discourse on Two New Sciences, 1638 |
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Definition
“strength of materials”
“Motion of objects” |
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Term
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Definition
Velocity or movement, once imparted to a body by an outside force, remains constant until some outside force slows it down
Contact between mover and moved
Rest and Motion - natural state or unnatural state |
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Term
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Definition
Combined the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and constructed a new system of modern physics
Law of inertia
Law of acceleration
Law of action and reaction |
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Term
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Definition
One mechanics as Kepler had suggested
Mathematically measurable and rationally understood
Central principles of motion - three laws
Law of inertia
Law of acceleration
Law of action and reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Edict of Nantes, 1598
Minister Sully
Reduced royal debts
Began a road system
Lowered taxes
Assassinated in 1610 |
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Term
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Definition
| this gave French Huguenots (Protestants) freedom |
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Term
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Definition
Queen-regent Marie de’ Medici
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) and his protege, Jules Marazin (1602-1661)
Richelieu refused to call the states general
If there was a controversy then he put an end to it
Set up a royal commissioner over every district in France to collect taxes
Also supported the Swedes in the 30 years war because they were fighting against the Habsburgs (Austrians). He was a political opportunist.
Right before Richelieu died He made sure Marazin would take over after him |
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Term
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Definition
Civil War
Mid 1620’s there is a revolt among the peasants |
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Term
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Definition
Threatened and imprisoned during the Fronde
Governmental Policies and Versailles
Required the nobility to live at the Versailles with Henry for part of the year.
Excluded the highest level of nobility council
He was the micromanager, he sat in every meeting |
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Term
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Definition
Richelieu refused to call the states general
If there was a controversy then he put an end to it
Set up a royal commissioner over every district in France to collect taxes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Henry's vacation spot for the army |
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Term
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Definition
| Two fold concept, you want to maintain more of an export than import, but you also want to make your country as self-sustainable as possible so you don’t need the international community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two fold concept, you want to maintain more of an export than import, but you also want to make your country as self-sustainable as possible so you don’t need the international community. |
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Term
| Edict of Fontainebleau, 1685 |
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Definition
| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He took away the rights of the Huguenot protestants to live. |
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Term
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Definition
Professional modern army
Invaded Flanders, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Franche-Comte in 1667 and took the city of Strasbourg in 1681
The League of Ausbourg (composed of the Hapsburg emperor; the kings of England. Spain and Sweden; and the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Palatinate) checked Louis’ advances
The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Philip Anjou
Grand Alliance |
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Term
| War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713 |
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Definition
Philip Anjou
Grand Alliance
Comprised to stop Louis to completely take control of Spain
Peace of Utrecht, 1713 |
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Term
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Definition
(a)Philip remained king of Spain and Louis agreed that
the two crowns would never be united
(b) France gave Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, the
Hudson Bay territory to England, which also gained
Gibraltar, Minorca, and the African slave trade from
Spain
(c) Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands and the
Dutch very little |
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Term
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Definition
The defeat of the “Invincible Armada” by England in 1588 created a spirit
of defeatism |
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Term
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Definition
To the East the Ottoman Turkish Empire had been expanding and the
Habsburgs checked this expansion in 1683 by defeating the Turks as they
laid siege to Vienna |
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Term
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Definition
In 1640 Frederick William (1620-1688) of the Hohenzollern family came
to power - over the isolated territories of Brandenburg, Prussia, and
scattered land along the Rhine in western Germany |
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Term
| Times of Trouble, 1598-1613 |
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Definition
(1) Disintegration of centralized government following Ivan IV
(2) Cossacks attacked
(3) Michael Romanov (grandnephew of Ivan IV) named tsar -
eventually the Cossacks were suppressed |
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Term
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Definition
a. Interested in military power and expansion
b. Established a professional modern standing army composed of
nobles and serfs
(1) Established schools and universities - required five years of
education for every nobleman - to make his army modern
(2) Drafted peasants
(3) Created an army of 200,000
c. Great Northern War with Sweden (1700-21) - defeated Sweden -
annexed the Ukraine and much of present-day Latvia
d. The peasants were forced to pay heavy taxes and work in factories
and mines |
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Term
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Definition
Baroque was meant to awe the onlookers - absolute rulers
in Europe embraced this style to further enhance their
greatness |
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Term
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Definition
| City built in remembrence of Peter the Great |
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Term
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Definition
She established the Elizabethan Settlement - found a balance between the
High Church Anglicans who sought to be more like Roman Catholics and
the more Protestant minded Anglicans |
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Term
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Definition
James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart of Scotland; reigned 1603-25
COE prelatists vs. Puritans
(1) High Churchmen stood for episcopacy against more rigid
Puritans who wanted presbyterialism or less rigid
episcopacy (and continued to demand reformation)
(2) James resisted Presbyterianism because of his unhappy
encounter with the Scottish kirk
(3) Archbishop Bancroft instituted anti-Puritan canons, 1604
(4) Hampton Court Conference, 1604
(a) James convened it (as 'eyewash') ostensibly to deal
with Puritans' complaints
(b) The bishops controlled proceedings with James'
support and his famous expression: 'No bishop, no
king'
(c) Only minor concessions were made to the Puritans
concerning the Book of Common Prayer (BOCP)
(d) 1611, the King James Version was produced
(5) Roman Catholics were active: the 'Gunpowder Plot',
attributed to Guy Fawkes, 1605, made Protestants fearful
(James I’s double-speak w/ RCC prior to becoming king) |
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Term
| Hampton Court Conference, 1604 |
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Definition
| Bone throwing to the people who were not the Church of England |
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Term
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Definition
| produced as a result of Hampton Court Conference |
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Term
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Definition
Roman Catholics were active: the 'Gunpowder Plot',
attributed to Guy Fawkes, 1605, made Protestants fearful
(James I’s double-speak w/ RCC prior to becoming king) |
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Term
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Definition
General Baptists (General Atonement)
(a) Led by John Smyth
(b) In 1606 he led in the formation of a separatist
church in Gainsborough where the basis of
membership was a church covenant - mutual
agreement between members
(c) In 1608, the Gainsborough congregation of 80
moved to Amsterdam in order to gain religious
freedom
(d) By 1609, after months of conferring with the
Mennonite pastor, Smyth accepted
Mennonite/Anabaptist views
(e) 1609 - at a business meeting the old church was
dissolved and a new one formed with basis of
membership being confession of faith in Christ and
believer's baptism (not necessarily immersion)
(f) 1612 - Thomas Helwys and 8 others returned to
England and settled in Spitafields outside London
(without Smyth who may have joined the
Mennonites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of General Baptists |
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Term
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Definition
Thomas Helwys and 8 others returned to
England and settled in Spitafields outside London |
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Term
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Definition
Particular Baptists (Particular Atonement)
(a) They did not emerge from the General Baptists but
out of English Separatism in London
(b) From the Jacob-Lathrop-Jessey Church in particular
- Over the years there were a series of friendly
withdrawals from the church
(c) One withdrawal occurred in 1633 - led by Samuel
Eaton; formed a new church; they may have been
Baptist, but cannot tell from the records
(d) Another withdrawal occurred in 1638 - led by John
Spilsbury; they were definitely Baptist; said that
infant baptism was wrong
(e) Particular Baptists began in London in either 1633
or 1638 |
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Term
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Definition
Another withdrawal occurred in 1638 - led by John
Spilsbury; they were definitely Baptist; said that
infant baptism was wrong |
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Term
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Definition
Kingly prerogative in religion, uniformity of religious practices,
and he aligned with the High Churchmen
b. Absolute rule by divine right, versus the Commons' attempt to limit
the monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
a. Bishop of London, 1628; Chancellor of Oxford University, 1629;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633
b. Instituted rigid reforms, but mostly dealing with cleaning up
structure and accountability of COE officials; some moral reform
too
c. Arminian theology; rigid episcopacy; absolute conformity to
BOCP -- he severely suppressed those who deviated from these:
Presbyterians, Baptists, and Congregationalists
d. High Churchman: supportive of RCC tradition |
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Term
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Definition
a. Charles had to call parliament for financial help when the Scots
invaded, 1640
b. Under John Pym, parliament eroded Charles' prerogative to the
point that civil war erupted between the Cavaliers and the
Roundheads
c. Laud was executed by Parliament, 1645 |
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Term
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Definition
(1) The Westminster Assembly established the Westminster
standards for the new state church -- the confession and
catechisms which were Calvinistic in theology
(2) The divines influenced parliament to establish a
presbyterial state church, but it never took root |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1649, Charles was tried by Parliament and beheaded
2. The 'Rump' Parliament ruled until 1653, and tried unsuccessfully to
establish a Protestant Commonwealth
3. The Protectorate
a. Cromwell was elected Protector, 1653; he died in 1658
b. There was relative religious toleration during this period
c. The Protectorate collapsed, 1660, when Richard Cromwell
(Oliver's son) did not provide sufficiently strong leadership |
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Term
|
Definition
a. Cromwell was elected Protector, 1653; he died in 1658
b. There was relative religious toleration during this period
c. The Protectorate collapsed, 1660, when Richard Cromwell
(Oliver's son) did not provide sufficiently strong leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromwell was elected Protector, 1653; he died in 1658 |
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Term
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Definition
The CLARENDON CODE passed to bring all Dissenters into line
with the COE and the king who espoused divine right of absolute
rule (named for the Earl of Clarendon, Charles' chief executive)
(1) Corporation Act, 1662 - most local office-holders required
to take oaths of allegiance and supremacy; and to take COE
communion
(2) Uniformity Act, 1662 - ministers and teachers in livings
controlled by the Church had to give full assent and consent
to the BOCP, or be ejected
(a) Over 2000 ministers/teachers ejected
(b) Mostly Presbyterians and Congregationalists were
ejected, but a few Baptists, like Henry Jessey, who
had been in the Established Church, were too
(c) This gave Dissent stature, because so many
Presbyterians were ejected
(d) The deadline was St. Bartholomew's Day; so the
ejected men became known as Bartholomeans
(3) Conventicles Act, 1664 - fined all persons 16 years of age
and older who attended a meeting of more than four
persons (excluding members of the householder’s family)
where the BOCP was not used; could also be imprisoned --
many were
(4) Five Mile Act, 1665 - punished ejected ministers/teachers
who lived within 5 miles of the town where they had held
their previous living |
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Term
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Definition
Charles II and brother James II (succeeded him 1685) had
RCC leanings, especially James: struggle with COE, as the
bishops tried to reconsolidate power |
|
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Term
| Glorious Revolution, 1689 |
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Definition
The Act of Toleration, 1689
(1) Allowed Protestant Trinitarians permission to worship,
even without the BOCP, if:
(a) They pledged loyalty to monarch
(b) Their ministers would assent to the doctrinal
measures of the 39 Articles
(c) Did not lock their meeting-houses
(d) Registered their places of worship
(2) Provided punishment for anyone trying to suppress properly
registered worship services
(3) Did not repeal the Test or Corporation Acts; therefore
Dissenters were still second-class citizens (could not hold
public office . . .)
(4) Appeared fairly tenuous: Dissenters asked, "How do we know the Act will not be repealed or James II will not return as king?" |
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Term
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Definition
| community farming of noble's land |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| switched the crops among the fields |
|
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Term
|
Definition
closed field system
2) Continuous rotation
(3) Fertilization - manure
(4) A variety of crops |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(1) Industry developed in rural areas and drew in great numbers
of unemployed or landless peasants
(2) The putting-out system - merchant provided raw materials
and peasants - sometimes working in a mini-factoryproduced
the end result which was purchased by the
merchant who sold it
(3) Appeared first in England but spread across Europe
(4) A family enterprise - every age could take part |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Wet Nurses
would kill the child if not wanted |
|
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Term
|
Definition
parents rolled over on their children in bed - either
intentional or not |
|
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Term
|
Definition
At Notre Dame in late 17th century Paris Saint Vincent de Paul
established the first Foundling Home - his example spread |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The novelist Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) coined the phrase “Spare
the rod and spoil the child” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| wrapping the child so tightly conquering the will of the child so as to make them fear the rod and cry softly |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| overfed and underexercised |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| overfed and underexercised |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In the 1790s William Tuke found the first humane sanatorium in England |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Smallpox was conquered
(1) 60 million Europeans died from smallpox in the 18th
century
(2) During the 1760s a mass inoculation occurred in England,
but active smallpox was used and in some cases it caused
an outbreak
(3) Edward Jenner (1749-1823) figured out that an inoculation
based on cowpox worked and ruled out a smallpox
infection - began experimentation in 1796 and published
his findings in 1798
(4) In perspective
(a) Smallpox vaccinations were given in India during
Gupta rule (320-550 AD)
(b) China was giving vaccinations during the Song
Dynasty (960-1279 AD) - learned from India |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(1749-1823) figured out that an inoculation based on cowpox worked and ruled out a smallpox
infection - began experimentation in 1796 and published his findings in 1798 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Grew out of English Puritanism - but was less concerned about
politics as Puritanism had been - more concerned about the conversion of the lost |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Led the Great Awakening
Preached Arminianism — Wesley believed that God willed the salvation of all men and that men had enough freedom to choose or
deny God’s grace. He and Whitefield were in disagreement here. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
After serving with his father for a few years he returned to
Oxford to find that his brother Charles had gathered a group
of students who were determined to take religion seriously
in the face of Deism. John became their leaders - set out a
methodical approach to their commitment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Upon his return to England he sought out the Moravians -
went to a meeting on May 27, 1738 on Aldersgate Street
where someone was reading Luther’s preface to the Epistle
to the Romans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Soon he was asked by George Whitefield to join him in
outdoor preaching - with some hesitation he joined
Whitefield in Bristol |
|
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Term
|
Definition
By 1744 the movement was too large for Wesley to keep track of
personally, so he created the Annual Conference |
|
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Term
| Christmas Conference, 1784 |
|
Definition
In 1784 the American Methodist became a separate denomination -
the Christmas Conference |
|
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Term
|
Definition
prior to Lent was a popular
festival time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A. Witchcraft had existed for centuries
1. White and black witchcraft.
2. The black came to be associated with evil and coupled with the growing
belief in a Devil who roamed the earth with his demons eventually
developed into the belief that witches met in secret and worshiped the
Devil.
B. Decline
1. The religious fanaticism that fed into the witch craze also caused an
intellectual backlash that began to question the excesses - fanaticism.
2. Stricter laws were eventually put in place so that one had to have real
proof before accusing someone of witchcraft.
3. The elite class came to view witchcraft as below them - a superstition of
the common people and the thought of talking about it other |
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