Term
| Define the Social Contract. |
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Definition
| The Social Contract was a system devised by Thomas Hobbes in the 1600's, where the people would allow a ruler to have absolute monarchy over them in exchange for law and order. |
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Term
| Who is Francois Marie Arouet? |
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Definition
| The famous French philosopher known by his pen name, Voltaire. |
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Term
| What were the five concepts that the Enlightenment targeted on introducing to society? |
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Definition
1) Reason - Enlightened thinkers believe truth could be discovered through reason.
2) Nature - They believed that what was natural was reasonable.
3) Happiness - They urged people to seek well-being on Earth, instead of waiting for Heaven.
4) Progress - They stressed that humankind could improve.
5) Liberty - They called for liberty as with the British and their Bill of Rights. |
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Term
| The quote, "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it," was said by which famous philosopher, and what did he/she mean by it? |
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Definition
| Quoted from Voltaire, it means that he will protect the right of free speech for everyone and allow the people to say what they want, even if it disagrees with his own philosophy. |
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Term
"..... was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day."
Which famous philosopher is this quoted from and which country was he/she talking about? |
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Definition
| It is quoted from Montesquieu, and he was talking about Britain. |
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Term
| What modern day American concept originated from the ideas of Montesquieu? Explain what it is. |
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Definition
The concept of "Checks and Balances" originated from Montesquieu, from one of his quotes, "Power should be a check to power."
Checks and Balances refers to having more than one power in a country, seperate, so that one power could control another should it do anything irrational or unacceptable. |
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Term
| Who was Voltaire, and what was his affect on the society? |
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Definition
Voltaire was a French philosopher who fought for freedon of religious belief, freedom of speech, reason and tolerance. He often was sharp with people in the French court, which resulted in him going to jail twice.
In turn, he also befriended many monarchs and nobles, not least of which the Prussian King Frederick II. |
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Term
| Descrive the relationship between Voltaire and Frederick II. How did it begin, and how did it end? |
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Definition
| It begun when Frederick II sent Voltaire a flattering letter. Voltaire, who loved being flattered, became a regular penpal of Frederick II, and they began to exchange many letters and compliments for each other. After a few years, Voltaire got tired of correcting Frederick's mediocre poetry, and Frederick suspected Voltaire of shady business deals. Ergo, ending with the trading of many insults, they ceased their relationship with each other. |
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Term
| Did Frederick II benefit from Voltaire's companianship? Could he be considered as Enlightened? |
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Definition
| Frederick II in the long run was not Enlightened, because although he reduced slavery, and give rights to Christians, he in turn did not abolish slavery and ignored the request for rights of the Jews. |
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Term
| What did the famous philosopher John Locke attempt to introduce to society? Did his views contradict any other philosophers? Who? |
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Definition
| He believed that people could learn from their mistakes and improve. They had the ability to govern their own affairs. Locke contradicted the ideas of Hobbes, by disagreeing with the idea of Absolute Monarchy. He believed that the role of the government is to protect the rights of citizens. People had the right to overthrow the governments if they desired. |
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Term
| Who was Rousseau and what did he attempt to bring to society? |
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Definition
| Rousseau was another French philosopher who disagreed with many Enlightened thinkers. he believed that only a democracy formed freely by the people was acceptable. Under such a system, people could give up some freedom for the common good. |
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Term
| How was Rousseau's Social Contract different from Hobbes'? |
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Definition
| Hobbes believed that the social contract was an agreement between society and government, whereas Rousseau believed that it was was an agreement of free individuals and government. The difference being that Rousseau also abolished the idea of titles of nobility, and that all people should be equal. |
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Term
| Which philosopher targeted problems with the justice system. What nationality was he, and what did he want to change? |
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Definition
Cesare Beccaria, and Italian philosopher, wanted to abolish torturing of suspects and witnesses, irregular proceedins in trials and that they were arbitary and cruel.
He believed that crimes should recieve a speedy trial as opposed to torture. He also introduced different degrees of punishment depending on the crime performed. |
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Term
| How were women left out in the new ideas of the Enlightenment? |
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Definition
Rousseau believed that a girls education should teach her how to be a wife and a mother.
Other male critics scolded women for reading novels, because they encouraged wickedness. They had unequal relationships in marriage with men too. |
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Term
| Did women's rights improve in any way, shape or form during the Enlightenment? Name the people who helped. |
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Definition
Mary Astell claimed that marriage and education were not fair or equal with women compared to men.
Mary Wollstonecraft argued about the education that women recieved at the time, and how it was unequal to mens. She urged women to enter fields like Politics and Medicine.
Emilie du Chatlet translated Newton's work from Latin into French, resulting in an increase of interest in Science for women in France. |
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Term
| Did the Enlightenment have an affect on religion? Explain. |
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Definition
| Yes it did, because people began to question the teachings of the Church and their own religious beliefs. Newton's findings often changed the way people thought about God. Voltaire and other critics also attempted to attack the superstitional and fearsome ideas that Christianity had brought about. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the concept that philosophers introduced to get people to use reason to deduce whether or not something was right or wrong, from all areas of society such as Economics and Government. |
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