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| the writer's attitude toward the material and/or readers. Tone may be playful, formal, intimate, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc. |
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| the emotions, values, or images associated with a word. The intensity of emotions or the power of the values and images associated with a word varies. Words connected with religion, politics, and sex tend to have the strongest feelings and images associated with them. |
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| the literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning. Scientific and mathematical language carries few, if any emotional or connotative meanings. |
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| the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand. |
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| the exposure of the vices or follies of an indiviudal, a group, an institution, an idea, a society, etc., usually with a view to correcting it. Satirists frequently use irony. |
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| a brief, pithy, usually concise statement or observation of a doctrine, principle, truth, or sentiment. Aphorisms are usually not anonymous. |
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| A terse statement of a principal or truth. (Life is long, reasoning difficult, etc.) |
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| an indirect or passing reference to an event, person, place or artistic work that the author assumes the reader will understand. |
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| the general locale, time in history, or social milieu in which the action of a literary work takes place. |
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a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible
meaning. An allegory may be conceived at a metaphor that is extended into a structured system. |
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| anything that stands for or represents something else beyond it, usually an idea conventionally associated with it. |
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| the vantage point, or stance, from which a story is told; the eye and mind through which the action is perceived and filtered, sometimes called narrative perspective. |
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| the technique by which animals, abstract ideas, or inanimate objects are referred to as if they were human. |
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| an abstract idea that emerges from a literary work’s treatment of its subject-matter, or a topic recurring in a number of literary works.. Themes include love, war, revenge, betrayal, fate, etc. |
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| a fourteen-line lyric poem in iambic pentameter. |
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| the version of a language spoken by people of a particular region or social group. |
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| A detailed setting forth of the characteristics of a particular locality, enabling the reader to "see" the setting. |
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| The structure of a story. The sequence in which the author arranges events in a story. The structure of a five-act play often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the resolution. The plot may have a protagonist who is opposed by antagonist, creating what is called, conflict. A plot may include flashback or it may include a subplot which is a mirror image of the main plot |
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| A static character does not change throughout the work, and the reader’s knowledge of that character does not grow, whereas a dynamic character undergoes some kind of change because of the action in the plot. |
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| A flat character embodies one or two qualities, ideas, or traits that can be readily described in a brief summary. They are not psychologically complex characters and therefore are readily accessible to readers. Some flat characters are recognized as stock characters; they embody stereotypes such as the "dumb blonde" or the "mean stepfather." They become types rather than individuals. |
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| Round characters are more complex than flat or stock characters, and often display the inconsistencies and internal conflicts found in most real people. They are more fully developed, and therefore are harder to summarize. |
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| A character who undergoes an important and basic change in personality or outlook. |
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| The climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood. For example, an author may create a mood of mystery around a character or setting but may treat that character or setting in an ironic, serious, or humorous tone |
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