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| The form of the verb used when the actor or agent is the subject and the goal or recipient is the direct object. (Our Team won the Game). A verb phrase in the active voice does not contain BE + [-en] the past participle form of the verb. (see passive voice). |
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| The logical subject of a verb; the person or other animate being that preforms the action of the verb. (Andy sings). (see agent.) |
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| A word or phrase that functions as an adjective would in a predicate adjective or noun-modifying role (stone wall). (see Adjetive phrase) |
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| Usually a relative clause (The book that I read), but sometimes a subordinate clause (the week after you left). |
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| A sentence-level adjectival word or phrase serving either as the subject complement of a linking verb (that watermelon is huge) or as an object complement following a transitive verb. (Tommy Left the door open). |
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| A form class word; usually modifies a noun; can be compared (with -er or more) and can follow very (taller, very tall). |
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| A phrase that completes the meaning of an adjective (grumby was afraid to answer the phone) |
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| As a sentence constituent, an Adjective (feels lonely) or any group of words that can substitute for an adjective (feels like a motherless child). |
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| A form class word; frequently can move in it's sentence; usually modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or the whole sentence (Time Passed quickly). |
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| As a sentence constituent, an adverb (moves slowly) or any group of words that can substitue for an adverb (moves like a snail). |
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| A word or phrase that functions as an adverb would, modifying verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or the whole sentence (sharp as a tack; ran without stopping for breath) |
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| Usually a clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction (he arrived after you left) |
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| An Adverbial word or phrase that completes the meaning of an intransitive verb (Elinor went outside) |
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| Words that add information about how, when , were, why or how much something happens (the tour group left the chapel noisily). |
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| A morpheme added to the beginning (prefix) or ending (suffix) of a word (see prefix, suffix) |
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| African-American Venacular English (AAVE) |
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| Any of the nonstandard varieties of English spoken chiefly by African Americans and known colloquially as Black english, Black English Venacular or Ebonics. The latter is a blend of ebony + phonics the science of spoken sounds. |
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| The initiator of an action named in a verb. The agent's relationship with the verb remains constant whether the sentence is active (Talia threw the Ball) or passive (the ball was thrown by Talia). |
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| Correspondence of number, person, gender, or case between words. |
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| A variant of a single phoneme (e.g) the l in light and milk are pronounced at different positions in the mouth but are heard as the same phoneme /l/ |
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| A variant of a single morpheme e.g. the past parciple morpheme occurs in a variety of forms including have eaten and have walked. |
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| The process by which a word loses its negative connotations and acquires positive ones. In Old English Pretty meant sly or cunning. In middle english nice meant foolish, stupid, wanton. |
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| The features of prononciation, vocabulary, and grammar shared by American speakers of English. (see stantard American English). |
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| The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to or stands for. My old hat is the tntecedent of it in: There's my old hat; I thought it was lost. |
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| A noun or noun phrase that immediately follows and renames another noun or noun phrase (Mary smith, a student at USC, spent the summer studying in Dijon). |
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| The verbal category that is expressed in English by the progressive tense to indicate the duration (he is/was walking) and by the perfect tense to indigate the completion (he has/had walked) of an action. |
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| An Adjective that precedes and modifies a noun (the small boy) (see predicate adjective) |
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| structure class word used with a main verb to indicate tense, aspect, and mood (have eaten, is eating, might eat) and to form negatives (didn't eat) or questions (did you eat?) |
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| The morpheme that contains the basic meaning of a word (also called a root or stem). A derivational affix can be attached to the base to create new words (rebuild, government); and inflectional morpheme can be attached to supply grammatical information (rebuilding, governments). |
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| The verb be used with the present participle to express the progressive aspect of a verb (Gina is sleeping in class again) or with the past participle to create the passive voice (Grumby was awakened by the explosion). |
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| The person who benefits from the action of a verb (see recipient). |
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| A feature of structural grammatical analysis that divides sentences and constituents into two parts (S = NP + VP or NP = DET. + N, et cetera). |
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| See African American Venacular English |
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| A Morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word (-ing) |
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| A descending line in a phrase structure tree; the offshoot of a node. |
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| The numbers used for counting (one, two, three). |
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| The grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence; sometimes signaled by inflections (e.g the possesive forms of nouns and pronouns; the subject and object case forms of pronouns). |
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| The informal use of language as among friends (see styles). |
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| A sequence of words containing a subject and a predicate; may be dependent or independent). |
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| The improper use of a comma to join two independent clauses; aslo called a comma fault. |
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| That part of the sentence that provides information about the topic or subject of the sentence. The predicate of a sentence. (see topic). |
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| A noun that names nonunique persons, places, or things (tree, cat, car). |
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| The ability to use a language appropriately in a variety of social and cultural circumstances. |
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| Degree expressed for adjectives and adverbs by using more or [-er] (more beautiful; happier) |
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| A word or phrase that completes the predicate, such as direct and indirect objects, subject complements, object complements (Bill grew impatient; Bill Grew roses). |
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| a That used to introduce a nominal clause (I know that you didn't believe his story) |
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| A sentence containing two or more independent clauses (He insulted me [independent clause] and then he left the room [independent clause]) |
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