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drawing conclusion on the basis of too little evidence.
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| making a generalization that cannot be supported no matter how much evidence is supplied. |
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| shifting the meaning of a key word during an argument. |
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| treating a complex issue as if it has only two sides. |
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| establishing an unjustified link between cause and effect. |
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| stating a debatable premise as if it were true. |
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| assuming that because things are similar in some ways they are similar in other ways. |
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| changing the subject to distract the audience from the issue. |
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| saying that something is true because it cannot be proved false. |
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| trying to establish that something is true because everyone believe it is true. |
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| collecting a statistical sample so that it favors one population over another. |
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| accusing a person of not upholding the position that he or she advocates |
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| attacking the person and not the issue |
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| appealing to the prejudices of the people. |
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| hasty generalization (usually derogatory) |
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| conclusion based on he premise that is A happens then eventually through small steps, BC,...X,Y,Z will happen |
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| emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue. |
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| this move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument. |
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| this fallacy compares minor misleads with major atrocities. |
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| the conclusion can be either true or false. and argument in which it's conclusion does not follow from its premise. |
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| argument ad misericordiam |
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| fallacy committed when pity or a related emotion such as sympathy or compassion is appealed to for the sake of getting a conclusion accepted. |
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| fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. |
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theory--> hypothesis--> observation
-->confirmation |
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| observation-->pattern-->tentative hypothesis -->theory |
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| disquise the intention of the writer or speaker. |
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| used when a writer or speaker aims at hurting and offending. |
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| a question where the answer is clearly implied. |
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| used to represent one's view strongly, to intensify or magnify. |
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| indirect reference or hints at some piece of info without stating it openly. |
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| a comparison, fully stated, usually introduced with "like" or "as" |
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| a comparison not fully stated but implied. |
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| a impersonal/inanimate object is given human/personal qualities. |
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| one idea is set against another for the purpose of emphasizing a contrast. |
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| contradictory terms are brought together in a single phrase. |
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| an apparent contradiction, emphasizing an underlying truth. |
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| the sound of the word indicated its meaning. |
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| a device in which the initial sounds are similar and they come in quick succession |
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| use of words that convey the same sound but are different in meaning. |
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| use of one word in two senses. |
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| a device used to express a harsh situation in gentle/mild terms. |
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| use of words not generally accepted as standard english. |
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| a brief reference to a real or fiction person, place, object, or event. |
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descriptive
narrative
expository
argumentative |
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| appeal to senses, making the images vivid to the reader. |
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| events occurring over time. vividly illustrates a specific point or topic in at various points in an essay. |
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