Narrative of history that constructs human history as social evolution; the grand narrative of human history constructs history as progress from savagery and ignorance to civility, prosperity, and knowledge. # Linear progression of time            # development # Civilisation.

Ø  History of Bombing, critiques of the Grand Narrative.

An interpretaion that seeks to understand a text in terms of the intended meanings of its implied author i.e. an intentional reading of Grimm’s Cinderella:

-symathise with Cinderella (cues); good will come to decent people; those who are good and pure will be rewarded and those who are cruel and selfish will b punished.

Intertextuality-

When an author makes self conscious references to other works (texts) within their text. This can serve a few different purposes- some authors use it to underscore the idea that originality is a myth and that all we do is repeat the same stories over and over again, and others use it for more political purposes (i.e. to criticise these other texts)

Ø  GGRW- Moby Dick, Bible, John Wayne films. Explain why it’s included/he’s pointed this out…critiquing this…)

Masterplots are recurrent skeletal stories- belonging to both cultures and indivduals- that play a powerful role in the questions of identity, values, and the understanding of life. Our understanding of masterplots also shapes the way we read, causing us, to overread or underread narratives i.e. rags-riches; fairytale masterplot.

Ø  Cinderella- repeated story in different narratives. ‘repeats the same skeletal structure’…Cinderella, Snow White etc. overcome challenges,fall in love, marry….

In his Poetics, Aristotle (384-322 BCE) classifies poetry into three genres, comedy, tragedy and epic verse. He contends that ‘tragedy is an imitation of an action that is complete, and whole, and of a certain magnitude.’ The proper structure of the plot of a tragedy must be ‘whole’, he argues, with a beginning, middle, and end, and be organised in such a way as to illicit pity and fear.

Exposition; rising action/conflict; climax; denouement..

Non-traditional (GGRW) has several arcs and denouements.

Dichotomy = division of a whole into two parts; binary classification i.e. colonial binaries e.g. self/other et al. One side of the binary opposition is presumed to be superior i.e. English vs. West Indies (Jamaica).

Ø  Jane- Rochester; Jane- Bertha;

A narrative that critiques, or provides an alternative to, a culturally dominant narrative, by altering content or form.

Ø  H.O.B- gives several options to history, hence ‘a’ history of bombing not ‘the’

Comprised of literature that is written in English, the canon is an ‘imaginary list’ of the greatest works of English Literature. In a way, it can be viewed as an outgrowth of the colonial/imperial enterprise. The British discovered that education was a valuable tool in convincing colonial subjects that all things British were superior; thus, they promoted the body of English literature as ‘great’ literature. Obviously, there are many problems with the canon (i.e. lack of female, racialised and marginalised voices in it). White males,<European> mostly in the Canon, marginalised voices have been excluded.i.e. Shakespeare would be in it; Martel wouldn’t be in this imaginary list.

‘Proper’ European English i(.e Jane Eyre)  vs. ‘improper’/primitive writing in English by the other (i.e. Jamaican phonetic poetry). This idea of ‘Proper English’ is intrinsically associated with the literary canon idea- canon= only English.

When a writer reminds you that the story you are reading is a construction. It is often employed to undermine the authority of the author, to introduce unexpected narrative shifts, to advance a story in a unique way, to produce emotional distance, or to comment on the act of storytelling. By using metafiction, authors often question how narratives (or histories) are constructed.

Ø  GGRW- questioning how the characters start ‘the story’.

Similar to a collage, it is a fragmented, disjointed narrative style. Contrasting the traditional novel (recognisable plot, definite protagonist, linear plot structure), the bricolage form mirrors the fragmented/fractured nature of identity that is typical of postmodernism (form reveals how characters are uncertain about their identities). The collage style also makes clear the notion that there are always gaps in people’s life stories and in their histories.

Ø  e.g. GGRW/ Upside Downness of the World as it explodes= bricolage form

Process of settling/populating foreign lands. C. is built on the policies of exploitation of ‘backward’ or ‘weak’ peoples by a large power. Colonial binaries include: self/ other, European/non-Euro., Civilised/uncivilised, culture/nature (GGRW)..

Ø  Jane Eyre: Rochester to Jamaica, since Britain was colonising Jamaica.

Used a lot in Victorian. The mixing or interbreeding of people of different races or ethnic groups, especially the interbreeding or sexual union of whites and non-whites. During the Victorian period, people often believed that miscegenation (and the ‘impurity’ associated with it) would inevitably lead to madness.

Ø  Jane Eyre- Bertha, suggestion that she isn’t 100% White= reason that other       characters would believe her madness.