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| Conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove |
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| Asserts something exists, has/will exist(ed) based on data the audience will accept as objectively verifiable |
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| Specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems |
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| Some things are more or less desirable than others |
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| General principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim |
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| Reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements it's based on are true |
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| Reasoning by which a general statement is based on the basis of particular examples |
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| Drawing conclusions from insufficient evidence |
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| Failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misinterpreting the trustworthiness of sources |
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| Mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another, they have a causal relation; "therefore because of this" |
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| Assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, they must be similar in other ways as well |
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| Attacking the arguer rather than the argument; "against the man" |
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| Simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy; 2 options |
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| Predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step |
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| Making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided |
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| Disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguer's opponent |
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| Diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point; responding to an accusation with a counter accusation that makes no attempt to refute the first accusation |
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| Using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim; "it does not follow" |
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| Playing on the prejudices of the audience; "to the people" |
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| A proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done away |
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| Basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear, often to draw attention away from the issues or conceal another purpose |
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| Facts or opinions that support a claim - statistics, reports, personal experience, or views of experts |
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| A worn-out expression or idea, no longer capable of producing a visual image or provoking thought about a subject |
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