Endosymbiotic organelle of bacterial origin that possess its own DNA.

(Further, Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for genetic adaptations in populations living in colder climates that allow them to create more body heat) CHAP6

Energy transfer always results in a greater amount of entropy ("disorder") in the Universe.

With energy transformation, a portion of the energy is converted to heat. CHAP6

Many inherited disorders are caused by an inability to produce a specific...

These facilitate every chemical process.

The production of ... is encoded by units of DNA called genes. CHAP6

Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy

or

36 ADP + 36 P -> 36 ATP

ADP + P -> ATP requires energy

ATP -> ADP + P releases energy

is the final electron acceptor in the breakdown of glucose.

serves as a trashcan for energy poor electrons in the breakdown of glucose. CHAP7

provides ATP for a burst of energy. The word means "sugar splitting."

First stage of cellular respiration. No oxygen is used. Occurs in the cytosol. CHAP7

The main function is to transfer electrons to electron carriers like NAD-.

This process oxidizes pyruvates. It occurs in the mitochondrion. 2 pyruvates from glycolysis enter the mitochondrion from the cytosol by active transport. the pyruvates are transformed into acetyl coenzymeA.

first, the carboxyl group is removed and released as a molecule of CO2. pyruvate was a three carbon molecule, but now has one molecule of CO2. The two carbon molecule is oxidized to form acetate. Tbe lost electrons are transferred by an enzyme to NAD+, storing the energy as NADH. Finally, coenzymeA (a derivate of Vitamin B) is attached to acetate. It is an unstable bond which makes it very reactive which equals high energy. The acetyl group is fed into the KREBS cycle by being attached to oxaloacetate.CHAP7

Glycolysis.

Pyruvate is slightly more oxidized than glucose. CHAP 7

light independent reaction and the second stage of photosynthesis.

joins CO2 to a low energy sugar to make a high energy sugar. the NADPH and the ATP made from the light reactions are formed in the stroma of the thylakoid.

takes place in the stroma.

IN: 3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH

OUT: glucose

IN: sunlight, 2 H2O

OUT: oxygen, NADPH, ATP

Cytosine C

Thymine T

Adenine A

Guanine G

CTAGATG could be one gene,

TAGCCGAT could be another.

up to 25 million per second in a body. Your brain and central nervous system cells are formed in utero and usually do not divide. Your bone marrow cells, red blood cells, constantly divide. 180million red blood cells are made every minute.

The process takes one cell and makes two daughter cells. each daughter is an exact copy of the parent.

1.Replication

2.Mitosis

3.Cytokinesis

1.Double helix unwinds and separates. the staircase splits down the middle.

2.Each single strand becomes a template pattern from which a new strand of DNA is created.

3. two new DNA strands are created, half of the strand is from the parent DNA and the other half is new.

protein with DNA wrapped around.

folds in on itself tightly to make a chromosome.

for every chromosome that we inherit from our mothers, we inherit chromosome with similar genes on it from our father.

for example, chromosome #10 has a copy from our mothers and one from our fathers. the same is true for every other chromosome in our cells.

so, all of our chromosomes are similar in size and function. that is what homologous means.

the sex chromosomes.

(an AUTOSOME is any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome) we have 22 autosomes in our cells.

pattern of cell growth, genetic replication and division.

2 main phases: INTERPHASE where the cell prepares for division, and MITOTIC PHASE which includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

process by which eggs and sperm halve their chromosomal count to 23.

(mitosis copies and passes on 46 chromosomes)

the process of turning a diploid cell into a haploid cell.

happens in Metaphase I when the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate. Chromosome from the mother can be on one side of the metaphase plate and a chromosome from the father can be on the other side.

ensures that all daughter cells do not end up with all chromosomes from the mother or father.

(same phases as mitosis) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, with differences.

ONE. Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over in prophase I.

TWO. Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate during metaphase I. One chromosome from the mother and one chromosome from the father.

THREE. Homologous pairs undergo independent assortment at the metaphase plate during metaphase I.