Term
| fructose 2-6 bis-phosphate |
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Definition
| enhances gluconeogenesis and reduces use of glucose in glycolysis |
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Term
| what does phosphodiesterase turn off? |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase does what respectively? |
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Definition
| glycogen synthase is activated and glycogen phosphorylase is inactivated, ultimately leading to a rise in blood glucose levels |
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Term
| glucagon mainly regulates receptors on what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect does fructose 2 6 bisphosphate have on glycogen? |
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Definition
| it encourages its breakdown through allosteric inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activation of PFK-1, which changes fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot create insulin, therefore glucagon is unregulated and high, leading to higher blood glucose levels, increased gluconeogenesis. requires insulin injections |
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Term
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Definition
| usually normal insulin/glucagon levels, but the insulin pathway is blocked. this leads to high blood glucose/cholesterol/fatty acids and low nutrient usage. it is easier for them to gain weight b/c they are insulin resistant as opposed to simply non-producing, (type 1) |
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Term
| which plasma glucose receptors are located on RBCs and the brain respectively? and what blood glucose level to they respond to? |
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Definition
| Glut1 and 2, low blood glucose levels |
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Term
| what receptor is located on adipose/muscle? what blood glucose level does it respond to? |
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Definition
| Glut4,medium level of glucose in the blood, such as during a meal |
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Term
| what plasma glucose receptor is located in the liver? what blood glucose level does it respond to? what else affects the liver's ability to take in blood glucose? |
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Definition
| Glut2, medium to high levels of blood glucose. the amount of glucose converted to glycogen, (hormone dependent) |
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Term
| in the first 12 hours of fasting describe hormone and nutrient levels |
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Definition
| glucose, insulin drop, glucagon rises, not much change in fatty acids |
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Term
| in the first 24 hours describe hormone and nutrient levels |
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Definition
| glucose and insulin continue to drop, glucagon will continue to increase, fatty acids will start to increase as well as ketone bodies |
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Term
| describe hormone and nutrient levels between day 2 and a week |
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Definition
| glucose, insulin, glucagon begin to drop slightly, ketone bodies, fatty acids continue to increase |
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Term
| how are DOPA, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine related? how does this affect the placement of the rate limiting step in the sequence? |
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Definition
| they are all products of the tyrosine pathway. the first step is rate limiting |
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Term
| what stimulates secretion of catecholemines/adrenaline? |
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Definition
| physical exertion, psychological stress, cold temperature |
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Term
| what receptors do catecholemines use? |
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Definition
| beta2 receptors - very similar to glucagon receptors |
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Term
| how do glucagon and epinephrine compare? |
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Definition
| very similar effect on liver |
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Term
| how does the effect of epinephrine of the heart and liver compare? |
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Definition
| in the liver, glycolysis is inhibited, in the heart, glycolysis is activated |
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Term
| what kind of action does cortisol enact and how? |
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Definition
| slow, response to chronic stress, it signals receptor in the cytosol which lead to gene regulation, causing lipolysis, protien degradation, and gluconeogenesis, (immobilizing fat/protein -> glucose) |
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Term
| what hormone does glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol all combine to counteract |
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Definition
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Term
| what is leptin, where does it come from and what does it do? |
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Definition
| peptide hormone, created in adipocyte in proportion to body fat; functions to decrease food intake, (increase satiety), and increase energy expenditure, (increase metabolism) |
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Term
| in reference to leptin what are the OB and DB genes? |
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Definition
| OB (obese) - gene for leptin production, DB (diabetes) gene for leptin receptor |
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Term
| if you knock out the OB gene in a mouse and it gets fat, what will connecting its blood supply to a normal mouse's do? |
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Definition
| the OB mouse should have functioning receptors that respond to the normal mouses leptin, and it should get skinnier |
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Term
| if you have a mouse where you knock out the DB gene, and it gets fat, then hook it up to a normal mouses blood supply, what will happen? |
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Definition
| the fat mouse will stay fat, because it has no receptors, but the leptin it produces will make the normal mouse skinner |
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Term
| what will happen if you connect 2 fat OB and DB gene knocked out mice's blood supplies? |
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Definition
| the DB mouse will stay fat, because it has no receptors, but the OB mouse will get skinnier on the DB mouse's leptin |
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Term
| define orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones and give examples |
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Definition
| orexigenic - appetite stimulating hormones such as ghrelin, (stomach). anorexigenic hormone suppress the appetite, and are PYY, CCK, (intestine), Leptin, (adipose), and Insulin, (pancreas) |
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