Term
| What is the cellular source of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 kcal is equal to how many kilojoules of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does calorimetry measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of a positive energy balance? |
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Definition
weight gain
infertility
insulin resistance
cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| What are the results of a negative energy balance? |
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Definition
weight loss
increased risk of infection / susceptibility to illness |
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Term
| What is heat an indicator of when estimating potential energy of foods? |
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Definition
| the amount of energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods |
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Term
| What is the potential error in using bomb calorimetry to estimate food energy? |
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Definition
| It measures energy potential of a compound, may be over-representation of our energy use |
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Term
| Physiological food values are also known as.... |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Our bodies use nitrogen as an energy source |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does fat provide more energy per gram than carbohydrates or protein? |
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Definition
| it is less oxidized, so release more gross energy upon combustion |
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Term
| What factors affect heat of combustion of fatty acids? |
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Definition
-chain length
-degree of saturation |
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Term
| The more double bonds in a molecule, the ____ gross energy will be released |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes variation of energy provided between similar CHO, lipids & proteins? |
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Definition
CHO & lipids: structure
Protein: nitrogen content |
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Term
| How do you calculate net energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Heat Increment of Feeding
-energy expended in digestion, absorption, storage etc. of nutrients |
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Term
| How is digestible energy calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is metabolizable energy calculated? |
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Definition
| DE - gases - urinary energy = ME |
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Term
| What does net energy support? |
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Definition
basal metabolism
growth
lactation
gestation
physical activity |
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Term
| What are the components of energy expenditure? |
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Definition
1. HIF
2. BMR
3. Physical activity energy expenditure
4. Thermoregulation |
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Term
True or False
The thermic energy of food is fairly predictable |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
BMR is highly unpredictable |
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Definition
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Term
| What is usually the largest portion of energy expenditure? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the k/cal used in 24 hours |
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Term
| What are the test subject's requirements for getting an accurate measurement of BMR? |
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Definition
-no HIF occuring
-lying down
-completely relaxed but not asleep
-no thermoregulation required |
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Term
| What tissues are most reflective of BMR? |
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Definition
lean (fat free) mass
-muscle, bone organs |
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Term
| What is the formula for estimating a person's BMR? |
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Definition
| 0.70 X [body weight^0.75] |
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Term
True or False
BMR increases linearly as body weight increases |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
age
gender
temperature
body tissue proportions (fat/muscle/brain, liver, heart, kidney) |
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Term
| The functions of the brain, liver, kidneys & heart account for what percentage of metabolic activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fat tissue accounts for what percentage of metabolic activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle accounts for what percentage of metabolic activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does direct calorimetry measure? |
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Definition
| The heat a person generates, including the heat of evaporation |
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Term
| What does indirect calorimetry measure? |
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Definition
Oxygen consumption
CO2 Production
Urinary nitrogen loss |
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Term
| What does indirect calorimetry fail to account for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 advantages & 2 disadvantages of indirect calorimetry |
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Definition
Advantages:
-smaller unit -portable -faster
-cheaper -can calculate fuel mixtures
Disadvantages
-seal of mask may fail
-hyperventilation
-long duration to wear the mask
-uncomfortable |
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Term
| What information does the respiratory quotient provide? |
|
Definition
Ratio of Metabolic Gas Exchange
-energy expenditure
-biological substrates being oxidized |
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|
Term
True or False
Respiratory Quotient is consistent among macronutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a smaller RQ indicated about the 'fuel' being oxidized? |
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Definition
| it is combusting more vigorously, requiring more oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Moles of CO2 produced / Moles of O2 consumed |
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Term
| What assumptions are made when using RQ to calculate energy expenditure? |
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Definition
1. Only CHO and fat are metabolized
2. No synthesis is occurring at the time of breakdown
3. Amount of CO2 exhaled = amount of CO2 produced by tissues |
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Term
| How is RQ used to determine energy expenditure? |
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Definition
[4.751kcalhr X L of O2 consumed] /hr
or
[6.253kcal X L of CO2 exhaled] /hr |
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Term
| During an extended period of low-intensity exercise (e.g. walking), what is the primary source of energy, fat catabolism or CHO catabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The maximal oxygen uptake (maximal aerobic capacity) |
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