Term
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Definition
| Process of capturing light energy and converting it to chemical energy. Carbon dioxide + Water = Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen + Water |
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Term
| Who were the first photosynthetic organisms, and when did they arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the first land plants arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three groups that typically do no photosynthesize? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unusual about lichens? |
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Definition
| Lichens consist of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algaea. |
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Term
| What is unusual about corals? |
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Definition
| Corals have zooxanthellae (photosynthetic organisms) that help produce food. |
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Term
| What is unusual about sea slugs? |
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Definition
| Sea slugs steal extra energy by ingesting photosynthetic protists and storing them in their guts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that have lost chlorophyll and therefore rely on associations with fungi or parasitic methods to obtain energy. |
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Term
| What are the five advantages of living in an aquatic environment (for plants)? |
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Definition
1. Nutrients and water are all easily available
2. Protection from UV light
3. Buffering in temperatures
4. Water helps with structural support
5. Enhanced mobility, especially for gamete dispersal |
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Term
| What was the most important thing that occurred on Earth before land plants could evolve? |
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Definition
| The formation of the ozone, which helped trap carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| The only diploid stage is a single-celled zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| The only haploid stage is a unicellular gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| Land plants; possess an embryo that is protected by parental tissue |
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Term
| What do gametophytes produce? What is their ploidy level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do sporophytes produce? What is their ploidy level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria? |
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Definition
| When chloroplasts were first developed in eukaryotes that adopted photosynthetic bacteria within their cells |
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Term
| What are seven important adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land? |
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Definition
1. Cuticle
2. Stomata
3. Gametangia
4. Embryos
5. Pigments
6. Spore walls
7. Mycorrhizal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxy membrane that prevents water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Small openings that regulate gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular organs that enclose/protect gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Young fertilized egg contained within a protective, nutrient-rich structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Coloration that protect against UV light |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain a polymer that resists decay |
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Term
| Mycorrhizal relationships |
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Definition
| Symbiotic associations with fungi |
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Term
| What is one feature common to all land plants? |
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Definition
| Alternation of generations: whereby plants have both haploid and diploid stages in their life cycles |
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Term
| In what process are gametes produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what process are spores produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| A fertilized embryo grows into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unicellular spores grow into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In nonvascular plants, where do gametes develop? |
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Definition
| In gametangia, or specialized sex organs |
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Term
| What are the two types of gametangia? |
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Definition
1. Archegonium: female, flask-shaped organ
2. Antheridium: male, sperm have two flagella |
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Term
| In nonvascular plants, how does fertilization occur? What happens after fertilization? |
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Definition
| Sperm require liquid water to swim to the egg, and after fertilization, the sporophyte produces a single sporangium that grows out of the gametophyte. The sporangium contains spores that germinate into gametophytes. |
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Term
| What are the three types of nonvascular land plants? |
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Definition
1. Liverworts
2. Bryophytes (mosses)
3. Hornworts |
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Term
| What are the four types of vascular land plants? |
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Definition
1. Lycophytes (club mosses)
2. Horsetails/ferns
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms |
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Term
| What are the seed plants? |
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Definition
| Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rapidly dividing shoot and root tips that either grow upwards for more sunlight or downwards for water/nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water absorbing unicellular fillaments along rhizomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontal extensions of the stem that anchor a plant to the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissues that function in water uptake |
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Term
| What are the similarities and differences between pores and stomata? |
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Definition
| Both prevent water loss and UV damage; pores are unregulated openings while stomata are regulated openings |
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Term
| What are the two types of vascular tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts water from the roots to aboveground plant parts; also provide structural support, especially when strengthened by lignin (wood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that carries nutrients (sugars) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell type where cells are alive at maturity (ie. phloem) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell type where cells are dead a maturity (ie. xylem) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular plants that produce two types of spores. Megaspores grow into megagametophytes (female, haploid). Microspores grow into microgametophytes (male, haploid). |
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Term
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Definition
| Enclosed and protected multicellular sporophyte embryo packaged with a food supply |
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Term
| What is the primary difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms with regard to seeds? |
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Definition
| Gymnosperms have naked seeds, whereas angiosperms have seeds in fruits. |
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Term
| What are the four types of gymnosperms? |
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Definition
1. Cycads
2. Conifers
3. Ginkgos
4. Gnetophytes |
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Term
| What are four evolutionary advantages of seeds? |
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Definition
1. Nutritive tissues support offspring
2. Protection of embryo
3. Easier dispersal: abiotic (wind, water) or biotic (animal)
4. Delayed germination/dormancy |
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Term
| What are the four whorls of modified leaves in flowers? |
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Definition
1. Sepals (calyx)
2. Petals (corolla)
3. Stamen (filament + anther)
4. Pistil (stigma + style + ovary) |
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Term
| All seed plants are ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is sperm transferred in seed plants? |
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Definition
| Pollen grains, not water! |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops into a seed after fertilization |
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Term
| What are two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms produce flowers. Gymnosperms lack the vessel elements and fibers of angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger cells tha tracheids (angiosperms only) that exist in the xylem and allow for easy water movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural support in angiosperms |
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Term
| What does an anther produce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ovule and seed, found in a pistil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal surface of the pistil that receives pollen |
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Term
| How many male gametes (in a pollen grain) participate in fertilization? What happens to each gamete? |
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Definition
| Two male gametes are involved in fertilization. One sperm combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm combines with two haploid female gametophytes to form a triploid endosperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides nourishment for the embryo |
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Term
| What are the three parts of a seed and their ploidy levels? |
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Definition
1. Endosperm: Triploid, two megagametophytes and one sperm
2. Seed coat: Diploid, female sporophyte tissue
3. Embryo: Diploid, egg and sperm |
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