Term
| WHAT IS THE SECOND IMPORTANT CONTROL SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE BODY’S FUNCTIONS? |
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Definition
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Term
| DEFINE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. |
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Definition
| A HUMORAL SYSTEM BASED ON THE ACTION OF HORMONES WHICH ARE SECRETED BY GLANDS AND WILL ACT FAR FROM THEIR SITE OF PRODUCTION AND SECRETION CONTROLLING THE "TARGET ORGANS" |
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Term
| SOME HORMONES' EFFECTS OCCUR WITHIN ____, OTHERS REQUIRE ____ TO START TO ACT BUT THEIR EFFECTS LAST FOR ____ REGULATING THE DIFFERENT METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES? |
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Definition
| RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, TRANSPORT OF SUBSTHANCES THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, AND CELLULAR GROWTH AND SECRETION |
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Term
| THERE’RE MANY INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THE ____ AND ____ SYSTEMS. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT TWO GLANDS SECRETE THEIR HORMONES ALMOST ENTIRELY IN RESPONSE TO NEURAL STIMULI? |
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Definition
| ADRENAL MEDULLA, PITUITARY/HYPOPHYSIS |
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Term
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Definition
| A CHEMICAL SUBS. SECRETED INTO THE INTERNAL BODY FLUIDS BY ONE CELL OR A GROUP OF CELLS AND HAVING A PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL EFFECT ON OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY |
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Term
| DEFINE LOCAL HORMONES AND GIVE SOME EXAMPLES. |
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Definition
| LOCAL HORMONES ARE HORMONES THAT ACT AT THE SITE OF PRODUCTION. ACETYLCHOLINE, SECRETIN, CHOLECYSTOKININ |
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE IS A NEUROTRANSMITTER IN BOTH THE PNS AND CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED BY THE DUODENAL WALL AND TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD TO THE PANCREAS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED IN THE SMALL INTESTINES AND TRANSPORTED TO THE GALLBLADDER TO CAUSE ITS CONTRACTION AND TO THE PANCREAS TO SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES? |
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Definition
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Term
| OTHER HORMONES ARE ____ HORMONES WITH SOME AFFECTING ALL OR ALMOST ALL THE CELLS OF THE BODY AND OTHERS AFFECTING ONLY SPECIFIC TISSUES CALLED "____" BECAUSE ONLY THESE TISSUES HAVE THE SPECIAL TARGET CELL RECEPTORS THAT WILL BIND THE HORMONES TO INITIATE THEIR ACTIONS. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS BASICALLY NERVOUS TISSUE AND SOME SORT OF EXTENSION OF THE CNS (HYPOTHALAMUS) WITH WHICH MAINTAINS CONSTANT COMMUNICATION THROUGH NEURONAL AXONS? |
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Definition
| POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS) |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF GENERAL HORMONES? |
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Definition
| GROWTH HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE |
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Term
| THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) REGULATES OTHER GLANDS THROUGH THE ____ HORMONES WHICH ARE RELEASED AFTER STIMULATION BY THE ____ OR FACTORS SECRETED BY THE ____ AND TRAVELING THROUGH THE ____. IT ALSO SECRETES SOME HORMONES WHICH WILL ACT ____ ON DIFFERENT TISSUES, WHICH ARE ____, ____, AND ____. |
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Definition
| TROPIN, RELEASING HORMONES, HYPOTHALAMUS, HYPHPYSIS-HYPOTHALAMUS PORTAL SYSTEM, DIRECTLY, GROWTH HORMONE, PROLACTIN, MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE TROPIN HORMONES AND WHERE DO THEY ACT? |
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Definition
1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE) SUPRARRENAL OR ADRENAL GLANDS
2. TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE THYROID GLAND
3. FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS
4. LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR CELLS OF LEYDIG (ICSH) |
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Term
| WHAT ARE FSH AND LH KNOWN AS? |
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Definition
| GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ---> GONADS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE RELEASING HORMONES? |
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Definition
1. TRH (THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE)
---> TSH
2. CRH (CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE) ---> ACTH
3. GHRH (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE) ---> GH
4. GnRH (GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE) ---> FSH-LH
5. GHIH (GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE) ---> GH
6. PIH (PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE
---> PROLACTIN |
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Term
| THE HYPOPHYSIS CONTROLS MOST OF THE ____ GLANDS AND IT'S CONTROLLED BY THEM THROUGH A ____ MECHANISM BY WAY OF THE ____. |
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Definition
| ENDOCRINE, FEEDBACK, HYPOTHALAMUS |
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Term
THE ____ AND ____ ____ARE ORIGINATED FROM DIFFERENT EMBRIOLOGICAL SOURCES AND THE ____ RECEIVES SIGNALS FROM ALL SOURCES REACTING ACCORDINGLY:
NERVOUS SIGNALS FROM EVERYWHERE: ____ , ____, ____, _____
HUMORAL SIGNALS:
____, ____, ____ |
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Definition
| ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMUS, FEAR, PAIN, SMELL, DEPRESSION, ELECTROLYTES, H2O, [HORMONES] |
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Term
| FOR MOST HORMONES THE ____ ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT BUT IN THE PARTICULAR CASE OF PROLACTIN (PH) THE ____ EXERTS MORE CONTROL. |
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Definition
| RELEASING FACTORS,INHIBITOR FACTOR |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF GH (SOMATOTROPIN)? |
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Definition
| CAUSES GROWTH OF ALMOST ALL TISSUES OF THE BODY CAPABLE OF GROWING, ALSO INCREASES THE UTILIZATION OF FAT TO OBTAIN ENERGY OVER CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS AND IS BEING CONSTANTLY SECRETED AND NOT ONLY DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD |
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Term
| AT OLD AGE THE LEVEL OF GH IS ____ OF THAT DURING ADOLESCENCE. ITS RATE OF SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY THE LEVELS OF ____ AND ____. IN ____ CONDITIONS, HYPOGLYCEMIA IS THE MOST POTENT STIMULATOR OF GH SECRETION. IN ____ CONDITIONS, THE DECREASE IN THE [PROTEIN] IN THE CELLS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR. STARVATION, EXERCISE, EXCITEMENT AND TRAUMA CAUSE ____ IN THE SECRETION OF GH. |
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Definition
| 25%, PROTEIN, GLUCOSE, ACUTE, CHRONIC, INCREASE |
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Term
| THE ____ WILL STIMULATE THE SECRETION OF MILK BY THE MAMMARY GLANDS CAUSING ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ WILL ACT ON THE PROLIFERATION, GROWTH AND MATURATION OF ____ IN THE SKIN. |
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Definition
| MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE, MELANOCYTES |
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Term
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (POSTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS) IS SECRETING
____ OR ____ AND ____. |
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Definition
| ADH OR VASOPRESSIN, OXYTOCIN |
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Term
| THE ____ RECEIVES DIRECT NEURAL STIMULATION AND SECRETES ADRENERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS KNOWN AS ____, WHICH ARE ____ AND ____. |
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Definition
| ADRENAL MEDULLA, CATHECOLAMINES, ADRENALINE, NOR-ADRENALINE |
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Term
| THE ____ IS STIMULATED BY THE ACTH AND SECRETES THE CORTICOIDS WHICH ARE ____ (ALDOSTERONE) TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE BODY (H2O AND Na+), THE ____ (CORTISOL) TO ACT ON THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES (GLUCOSE), IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND ANDROGENS. |
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Definition
| ADRENAL CORTEX, MINERALOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS |
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Term
| WHAT HORMONES DOES THE THYROID GLAND SECRETE? |
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Definition
| THYROID HORMONE AND CALCITONIN |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROID HORMONE? |
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Definition
| THE THYROID HORMONE (THYROXINE) ACTS ON MOST TISSUES AND CELLS OF THE BODY INCREASING THE METABOLISM OF FAT, PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATES --> INCREASED HEAT PRODUCTION AND BODY TEMP. NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REQUIRE THYROID HORMONE AS IT DOES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROWTH HORMONE |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN? |
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Definition
| REGULATES THE METABOLISM OF Ca2+ BY DECREASING ITS SERUM CONCENTRATION THROUGH DECREASING INHIBITION OF OSTEOCLASTS, DECREASING RELEASE FROM BONES AND ALSO BY DECREASING ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT |
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Term
| WHAT HORMONES DO THE OVARIES PRODUCE? |
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Definition
| ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE |
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE DO THE TESTIES PRODUCE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HORMONES ACT ON THE SEXUAL GLANDS OF BOTH MALES (TESTES) AND FEMALES (OVARIES) CAUSING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAMETS OR SEXUAL CELLS (EGG AND SPERM) AND ALSO ON THE WHOLE BODY BY DEVELOPING THE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TO A LOWER EXTENT STIMULATING THE CELL METABOLISM. |
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Definition
| ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, AND TESTOSTERONE |
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Term
| THE FUNCTION OF THE ____ IS TO SECRETE ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE TO MAINTAIN ____, BUT IN THE EARLY STAGES IT SECRETES THE ____. |
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Definition
| PLACENTA, PREGNANCY, HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN? |
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Definition
| IT IS A HORMONE WHICH WILL STIMULATE THE SECRETION OF ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE BY THE OVARIES. |
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Term
| WHAT ORGAN HAS AN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE FUNCTION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT MAKES UP THE ENDOCRINE PORTION OF THE PANCREAS AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION? |
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Definition
| LANGERHANS ISLETS, SECRETES INSULIN AND GLUCAGON WHICH BASICALLY REGULATES THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE (GLUCOSE) AND ALSO FAT AND PROTEIN |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND? |
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Definition
PRODUCES THE PARATHYROID HORMONE
(PARATOHORMONE), BASICALLY IN CHARGE OF THE METABOLISM OF Ca2+ |
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Term
| WHAT CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHAN SECRETE INSULIN? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHAN SECRETE GLUCAGON? |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: INSULIN INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF GLUCAGON. |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: GLUCAGON IS SECRETED WHEN THERE'S AN ENERGY SURPLUS. |
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Definition
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Term
INGESTION OF ENERGY-GIVING FOODS,
(ESPECIALLY LARGE AMTS. OF CARB. AND PROTEIN) INCREASE ____ SECRETION. THIS EFFECT IS MORE IMPORTANT FOR ____ AND THE HORMONE ALSO PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN STORING THIS FOOD (CARB.) AS ____ IN THE LIVER AND SKELETAL MUSCLE. ____ ARE ALSO STORED IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE EXCESS OF CARB. THAT CAN'T BE STORED AS GLYCOGEN IS STORED AS ____ AFTER BEING TRANSFORMED. |
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Definition
| INSULIN, CARBOHYDRATES, GLYCOGEN, FATS, FAT |
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Term
| WHAT DOES INSULIN DO IN THE CASE OF PROTEINS? |
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Definition
| PROMOTES THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELLS, THEIR CONVERSION TO PROTEIN AND ALSO INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEIN INTO AMINO ACIDS. |
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Term
| WITHIN ____, AFTER INSULIN BINDS WITH ITS MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, THE MEMBRANE OF ABOUT ____ OF THE BODY'S CELLS BECOME HIGHLY PERMEABLE TO ____. THIS IS TYPICAL OF ____ AND ____ CELLS BUT NOT FOR ____ IN THE BRAIN. |
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Definition
| SECONDS, 80%, GLUCOSE, MUSCLE, ADIPOSE, NEURONS |
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Term
T OR F:
DURING MODERATE TO HEAVY EXERCISE THE MUSCLES DO USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GLUCOSE WITHOUT REQUIRING LARGE AMOUNTS OF INSULIN BECAUSE THE EXERCISING MUSCLE FIBERS BECOME HIGHLY PERMEABLE TO GLUCOSE EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF THE HORMONE. |
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Definition
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Term
THE SECOND OCCASION FOR MUSCLE TO USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GLUCOSE IS DURING THE
FEW HOURS ____ MEALS BECAUSE GLUCOSE CAUSES A/AN ____ IN INSULIN AND ____ THE PERMEABILITY FOR GLUCOSE. |
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Definition
| AFTER, INCREASE, INCREASES |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF MUSCLES ARE NOT EXERCISING AND GLUCOSE IS STILL COMING IN? |
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Definition
| GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN AND IS STORED TO BE USED WHEN NEEDED, EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF O2 |
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Term
| OF ALL THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES? |
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Definition
TO PROMOTE THE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE BY THE LIVER ALMOST IMMEDIATELY TO BE
STORED AS GLYCOGEN |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE LIVER BETWEEN MEALS, WHEN NO FOOD IS AVAILABLE AND BLOOD GLUCOSE STARTS TO DECREASE AND THUS THE INSULIN LEVELS DROP? |
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Definition
| THE GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER IS BROKEN DOWN BACK INTO GLUCOSE AND RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO MAINTAIN THE PROPER GLYCEMIA |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NET EFFECT OF INSULIN IN THE LIVER? |
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Definition
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Term
T OR F:
INSULIN ALSO INHIBITS GLYCOLYSIS (SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE FROM NON-CARBOHYDRATE PRECURSOR). |
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Definition
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Term
| INSULIN HAS ____ ON THE BRAIN CELLS WHICH ARE NORMALLY PERMEABLE TO ____ AND CAN USE IT WITHOUT INSULIN ACTION, AND SINCE THE BRAIN HAS A LOT OF ____ USING OTHER NUTRIENTS, THE LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE MUST BE MAINTAINED IN A VERY PRECISE WAY. |
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Definition
| NO EFFECT, GLUCOSE, DIFFICULTY |
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Term
| WHAT CAN HYPOGLYCEMIA LEAD TO? |
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Definition
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Term
INSULIN ALSO ____ THE UTILIZATION OF
GLUCOSE BY THE CELLS, ____ THE USE OF FAT CAUSING ____ OF FAT DEPOSITS. |
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Definition
| INCREASES, DECREASES, PRESERVATION |
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Term
IF INSULIN LEVELS ____, TRIGLYCERIDES ARE SPLIT INTO ____ + ____ TO THE
BLOOD, AND THE LIVER ALSO RELEASES ____ AND ____, MEANING THAT WHEN INSULIN ____, THE ____ USE OF FATS BY THE CELLS AND TISSUES CAUSES ____ + ____ = ____. |
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Definition
| DECREASE, GLYCEROL, FATTY ACIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, DECREASES, INCREASED, KETOSIS, ACIDOSIS, KETOACIDOSIS |
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Term
| GLUCAGON SECRETION, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS ____ WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS LOW BECAUSE ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS TO ____ THE BLOOD LEVELS OF GLUCOSE. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE BREAKS DOWN THE LIVER’S GLYCOGEN, STIMULATING GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HORMONE ACTIVATES ADIPOSE CELL LIPASE INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FATTY ACIDS AVAILABLE AND INHIBITS THE STORAGE OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER? |
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Definition
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