Term
| When the adrenal gland produces androgens, this is referred to as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within each seminiferous tube of the testies, what is being produced? What is this process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main controller of spermatogenisis? |
|
Definition
| sertoli cells (nurse cells); but they still need T |
|
|
Term
| Within the structure of the seminiferous tubles, where are the more developed sperm? |
|
Definition
| Towards the center. After meiosis II, they are spermatazoa (haploid) |
|
|
Term
| After meiosis II, where do the sperm travel? |
|
Definition
| To the lumen, then the epiditimus, and then vas defrens. |
|
|
Term
| In order for the sertoli cells to produce sperm, what is needed? |
|
Definition
| Testoserone from the leydig cells. |
|
|
Term
| Is testoseterone lypophyllic or hydrophillic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limiting factor of T production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As far as T production goes, within the HPG axis, what is released in pulses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the production of T, what binds to the stertolie cells to regulate proliferation and what is this proliferation called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pathway regulates T production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does T travel through the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to T production, what frees up cholesterol and where does this take place? |
|
Definition
| cholesterolesterase; in the inner mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What alters the amount of STaR avaliable? What effect does this have? |
|
Definition
| LH; increase T production |
|
|
Term
| LH has an effect on what? (production of T) |
|
Definition
| the amount of STaR avaliable and enzyme production |
|
|
Term
| Production of T: where does LH have an effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hormones are LH and FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does FSH have an effect (T production) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GnRH regulates what in T production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After LH takes its trip in the blood, where does it bind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cell proliferation take place in the prostate? |
|
Definition
| HT secretes GnRH to anterior pituitary, LH is released into bloodstream, binds to leydig cell receptors. Leydig cells produce T, release into blood, binds to cell receptor in the prostate gland. In the prostate, T is converted to DHT which binds to nuclear bound receptor and sends a signal for cells to proliferate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of androgens? Where is this mechanism found? |
|
Definition
| androgen receptors; nucleus bound receptors |
|
|
Term
| In regards to males, what effect does E2 have? |
|
Definition
| breast growth and bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased T production in males, decreased free T and increase FSH, and LH |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of 5-alpha reductase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In men, where is estrodiol produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direct effects does FSH have on men? |
|
Definition
| more expanded ER, spermatogensis, increases androgen binding protein (ABP) |
|
|
Term
| Where is inhibin secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is androgen binding protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are androgen binding proteins produced? |
|
Definition
| sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubles of the testies |
|
|
Term
| what does androgen binding protien do? |
|
Definition
| Binds to T, DHT and 17-beta estrodiol has an effect on increasing these hormones thereby increasing spermatogensis |
|
|
Term
| How does androgen binding protein affect androgens? |
|
Definition
| makes me them less lypophillic and these hormones become more concentrated in the luminal fluid of the testies |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of androgen receptors? |
|
Definition
| have a DNA binding region which regulates gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What is the main mechanism of steroid effects? |
|
Definition
| gene expression by androgen receptors |
|
|
Term
| Describe ligand binding domain (LBD) |
|
Definition
| The LBD is the region on the androgen receptor that binds to the hormone. |
|
|
Term
| describe the DNA binding domain |
|
Definition
| region of androgen receptor that has affinity and ability to bind to portions of DNA thereby affecting gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What is essential to have in the epiditimus for spermatogensis? |
|
Definition
| receptors for testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic manner in which steroids act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the three layers of the uterus |
|
Definition
| The inside is the endometrium, the middle is the myometrium and the outside is the parametrium |
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of the female breast and draw them |
|
Definition
| the lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus, areola, breast lobule |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the female reproductive tract creates movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what composes 80% of the weight of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: the breasts contain exocrine glands |
|
Definition
| true the ducts secrete milk |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of ovaries? |
|
Definition
| production of gametes and secretion of hormones |
|
|
Term
| What composes a follicle? |
|
Definition
| oocyte combined with granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| where do the androgens come from that are then converted to estrodial in the granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgens and what is the result? |
|
Definition
| FSH binds and tells the granulosa cell to convert androgens to estrodiol |
|
|
Term
| After mitosis growth in the ovary, what happens to the granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
| they are more cuboidal in shape |
|
|
Term
| what effect does puberty have on the granulosa cells?j |
|
Definition
| makes them columnar in shape, more able to secrete things |
|
|
Term
| what are they three stages of ovarian phase? |
|
Definition
| 1. follicular phase, 2. ovulation, 3. luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| During the follicular phase and ovulation, how do the feedback mechanisms change? |
|
Definition
| high amounts of estrogen positively feedback on the HT as opposed to the follicular phase which is (-) feedback. |
|
|
Term
| how does oral contraception work? |
|
Definition
| estrodial can effect FSH production and also works to inhibit preovulatory surge of LH |
|
|
Term
| What is not produced until fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: during ovulation, levels of FSH and LH are reduced. |
|
Definition
| False, there is a short spike before the developing follice is released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what influences the proliferation as opposed to the death of the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased sensitivity to FSH, decreased production of E2, reduced LH and P4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the main purpose of the granulosa cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: the oocyte is not responsive to FSH at first and then LH discontinues the cell growth |
|
Definition
| False, at first, oocyte is responsive to FSH and LH continues the egg growth |
|
|
Term
| During puberty, the frequency and amplitude of what hormone causes changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spike in what hormone allows ovulation to take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Technically, ovulation is what? |
|
Definition
| the rupture and ejection of egg from ovary |
|
|
Term
| During ovulation, what hormones switch to positive feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The increase of what hormones in birth control inhibits what? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH production |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary producers of estrogen? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum, placenta, follicles in the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the primordial follice is produced when the female goes through puberty |
|
Definition
| False, it is produced when the female is in the womb. Set amount produced |
|
|
Term
| what primarily sustains the corpus luteum for 2-3 months after fertilization? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
|
|
Term
| the blastocysts are also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is not needed after the placenta begins to produce its own ______? |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin; progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What is TDF and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Testies determining factor; the SRY gene codes for this factor, if SRY gene not present, no testies. |
|
|
Term
| What increases cervix pliability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does TDF have? |
|
Definition
| it reduces DAX-1 negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| What normally supresses the SF-1 gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does SR-1 gene stimulate? |
|
Definition
| AMH (anti mullerian hormone) and Testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is it meant by bipotential gonad? |
|
Definition
| we start out as females and if the SRY gene is present, the mullerian ducts are supressed and the wollfian ducts proliferate |
|
|
Term
| what is contained in the blastocyst? |
|
Definition
| tropoblast, inner cell mass |
|
|
Term
| After implantation, what type of feedback occurs on the pitutiary and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback, FSH and LH is inhibited |
|
|
Term
| What maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| the corpus luteum and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the hormone which blocks the uterine contractions until partruition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to increased estrogen before partruition, what are some main changes taking place? |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and oxytocin receptors increase, prostagladins increase, relaxin increases cervix pliability, increase number of gap junctions, shift in estrogen to progesterone ratio |
|
|
Term
| Positive feedback is the main mechanism of : |
|
Definition
| partruition. increase of E2, GC, GH |
|
|
Term
| When the XY chromosomes are present, what is suppressed? |
|
Definition
| The medulla develops, and the cortex suppressed |
|
|
Term
| When the Y chromosome is not present, what is suppressed? |
|
Definition
| the cortex is developed and the medulla is suppressed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary dictator of genetic sex determination? |
|
Definition
| having the XX or XY chromosome |
|
|
Term
| How are the breasts prepared during the period of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| increased growth, proliferaion of lobular aveolar system, and milk production suppressed until partruition. |
|
|
Term
| If the egg is fertized, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum remains, pregnancy, partruition, and lactation |
|
|
Term
| How do peptide hormones affect the lypophilic hormones (steroid) |
|
Definition
| Peptide hormones are secreted by the AP, then into the gonads where the steroid hormones are relased |
|
|
Term
| during luteal phase, there are high or low levels of LH and FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the endometrial cycle, what is the hormone that causes growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the erosion of the zona pelucida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are increased prior to partruition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones are produced by the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrodiol |
|
|
Term
| placetal lactogen does what? |
|
Definition
| supplies nutrients to fetus and stimulates mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| for partruition to start, what hormone is decreased? |
|
Definition
|
|
