Term
| What is Diabetes mellitus type 1? |
|
Definition
| Chronic autoimmune disease that occurs when the pancreas produces too little insulin to regulate blood sugar levels appropriately. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Mellitu type 1 occurence |
|
Definition
| can occur at any age and is characterized by the marked inability of the pancrease to secrete insulin because of autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus type 1? |
|
Definition
| Genetic susceptibility. Exposure to a trigger (viral, environmental, toxin) stimulates immunologically mediated destruction. 80-90% beta cells are destroyed hyperglycemia develops diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic symptoms of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, fatigue, weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What level of plasma glucose establishes diagnosis of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule can be measured within 6 months of Diabetes diagnosis that can help differentiate type 1 from type 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs and tests of Diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Urinalysis shows glucose and ketone bodies in the urine. Fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL. Random blood glucose exceeds 200 mg/dL. Insulin test is low. c-peptide (by-pruduct of insulin is low). |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs and symptoms of Diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Polyuria, Polydipsia unusual thirst for sweet, glucosuria, hypotension, extreme hunger, weight loss, weakness, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, irritability, nausea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, HYPERKALEMIA, K uptake inhibited so blood K increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immediately diabeteic ketoacidosis, high blood glucose levels. Treatment may involve hospitalization. Prolong life, reduce symptoms, prevent blindness, kidney failure, amputation of limbs. Insulin use, meal planning weight control, exercisem, foot care, careful self-testing of blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by D cells of langerhans islets. Inhibitor of release of insulin from pancreatic B cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why do diabetes patients suffer foot problems? |
|
Definition
| damage to blood vessels and nerves which results in decreased ability to sense trauma or pressure on foot. injury can go unnoticed until sever infection develops. Immune system altered, decreasing body's bility to fight infection. |
|
|
Term
| At what level of blood sugar do the symptoms begin to appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptoms begin to show when surgar falls below 70? |
|
Definition
| Weakness, shaking, sweating, headache, nerousness, hunger. Symptoms should subside whithin 15 minutes of eating sugar. |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of high ketones? |
|
Definition
| Unusually thirsty, dry mouth, polyuria, vomiting, flushed face, dry skin and mouth, stomach pain, deep rapid breathing, fruity breath odor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue insensitivity to insulin has been noted in most type 2 patients. irrespective of weight and genetic factor. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical features of Diabetes type 2? |
|
Definition
| Polyuria, thirst, weakness, fatigue, recurrent blurred vision, peripheral neuropathy, obesity. |
|
|
Term
| What is gestational diabetes? |
|
Definition
| a form of diabetes in pregnant women. no known specific cause but is believed hormones of pregnancy reduce woman's receptibility to insulin resulting in high blood sugar. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of women with diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Oral antidiabetic drugs (Sulfonylureas, Biguanides) should be replaced with insulin. |
|
|
Term
| What is peripheral neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| Pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs, hands, and arms |
|
|
Term
| What is autonomic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| changes in digestion, bowel and bladder function sexual response, and perspiration and can also affect the nerves that serve the heart and control blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is proximal neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| causes pain in the thighs, hips, or buttocks and leads to weakness in the legs. |
|
|
Term
| What is focal neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| results in the sudden weakness of one nerve, or a group of nerves, causing muscle weakness or pain. Any nerve in the body may be affected. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| blood glucose levels should be brought within the normal range to prevent further nerve damage. symptoms may get worse when blood glucose is first brought under control. maintaining low levels over time lessens neuropathic symptomms and prevent further problems. Analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsant. walking regularly, warm baths. |
|
|
Term
| What is the regulatory mechanism of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| Increased secreetion caused by decreased plasma glucose, increased catecholamines, increased plasma amino acids, acetylcholine, cholecystokinin. |
|
|
Term
| What molecules cause decreased secretion of glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis. increased fatty acids and ketoacids. increased urea production |
|
|
Term
| Elevated levels of glucagon |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic tumors. Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME). Elevated amino acids and hyperglycemia. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
| Injectable form of glucagon in 1mg doses. Intramuscular injection quickly raises blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucagon-secreting neoplasm associated with hyperglucagonemia, necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes mellitus, hypoaminacidemia, vein thrombosis, loss of weight neuropsychiatric manifestations. Tumor of islet cells of pancreas, which secrete hormones insulin and glucagon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia. Usually malignant. Metastasizes to liver may occur. Skin lesion necrolytic migratory erythema. Unknown cause. Genetic risk. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. |
|
|
Term
| What does multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN1) indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increased risk of glucagonoma and insulinoma. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of glucagonoma? |
|
Definition
| Skin rash that migrates on face, abdomen, perineum, buttocks, or lower extremities. Crusty, scaly, raised lesions filled with clear fluid or pus. Inflamed mouth and tongue. unintentional weight loss. excess thirst. frequent urination. |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs and tests for glucagonoma? |
|
Definition
| Elevated glucagon level. Pancreatic tumor revealed by CT scan. Elevated fastaing glucose level. Abnormal glucose tolerance. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of glucagonoma? |
|
Definition
| Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, inhibits release of glucagon. Doxorubicin, streptozotocin selectively damage alpha cells of pancratic islets. don't destroy tumor but minimize progression of symptoms. surgical resection is the only curative therapy. |
|
|
Term
| What do doxorubicin and streptozotocin treat? |
|
Definition
| They treat glucagonoma by selectively damagin alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. Do not destroy the tumor but minimize the symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only curative method for treating glucagonoma? |
|
Definition
| Surgical resection of the tumor. |
|
|
Term
| What does octreotide treat? |
|
Definition
| It is a somatostatin analog that inhibits the release of glucagon. |
|
|
