Term
| Endocrine system does what? |
|
Definition
| Acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells |
|
|
Term
| Influences metabolic activities by means of hormones transported in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endo Responses occur more (slower/faster)_____ but tend to last ______ than those of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands |
|
|
Term
| Some organs produce both hormones and _______ products (e.g., pancreas and gonads) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus has both _____ and ______functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other tissues and organs that produce hormones include |
|
Definition
| adipose cells, thymus, cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them |
|
|
Term
| Two main classes of hormones: |
|
Definition
| Amino acid-based hormones; Steroids |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid-based hormones : |
|
Definition
| Amines, thyroxine, peptides, and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesized from cholesterol
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands don't have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alter plasma membrane permeability of ion channels
Stimulate synthesis of proteins
Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action/Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid–based hormones except thyroid hormone) |
|
Definition
Do not enter the target cells
Act on plasma membrane receptors
Couple with G proteins in the membrane as a second messenger system causing a cellular response |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action/Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) |
|
Definition
| Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes in the cell nucleus to turn on transcription and translation activities |
|
|
Term
| Target cells must have specific receptors to which |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroxin receptors are found |
|
Definition
| on nearly all cells of the body |
|
|
Term
| Target cell activation depends on three factors |
|
Definition
Blood levels of the hormone
Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone |
|
|
Term
| Hormones are broken down and removed from the blood by: |
|
Definition
Degrading enzymes
Kidneys
Liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to elements in the blood or other body fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Control of Hormone Release/Hormones are synthesized and released in response to |
|
Definition
Humoral stimuli - blood level
Neural stimuli – Axons activate endocrine glands
Hormonal stimuli – presence of other hormones |
|
|
Term
| Blood levels of hormones are regulated by; |
|
Definition
| negative feedback systems |
|
|
Term
| Changing blood levels of ____ and ________ directly stimulates secretion of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
Antdiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth by mobilizing Ca2+ second-messenger system
Also triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk
Plays a role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the _______ _______ of the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If solute concentration (of blood) is too high this happens: |
|
Definition
Osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons
ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation |
|
|
Term
| If solute concentration is low: |
|
Definition
| ADH is not released, allowing water loss |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid gland/ Consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid gland/ Composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid gland/ Parafollicular cells produce the hormone _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Hormone (TH)/Two related compounds |
|
Definition
T4 (thyroxine
T3 (triiodothyronine); |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormone/Major metabolic hormone |
|
Definition
| Increases metabolic rate and heat production |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormone/Plays a role in |
|
Definition
Maintenance of blood pressure
Regulation of tissue growth
Development of skeletal and nervous systems
Reproductive capabilities |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Cont. - Calcitonin: |
|
Definition
Produced by parafollicular cells
Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+ from bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| Chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland secrete |
|
Definition
| epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| Rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism in infants - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone/ functions: |
|
Definition
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix
Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate by the kidneys
Promotes activation of vitamin D increases absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal mucosa |
|
|
Term
PTH - stimulates ________(break down bone)
Calcitonin – stimulates _______ (build up bone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands |
|
Definition
| Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Glands/ Structurally and functionally |
|
Definition
| they are two glands in one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nervous tissue; part of the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids produced: |
|
Definition
Zona glomerulosa—mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata—glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis—sex hormones, or gonadocorticoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulate electrolytes (primarily Na+ and K+) in ECF
Importance of Na+: affects ECF volume, blood volume, blood pressure, levels of other ions
Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) |
|
Definition
Keep blood sugar levels relatively constant
Maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstricton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as 'corticotropin', 'Adrenocorticotrophic hormone', is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Its principal effects are increased production and release of corticosteroids and, as its name suggests, cortisol from the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity, and stress
Prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis—formation of glucose from fats and proteins
Promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| cortisol/ Hypersecretion - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine cause: |
|
Definition
Blood glucose levels to rise
Blood vessels to constrict
The heart to beat faster
Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine influences |
|
Definition
| peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Timing of sexual maturation and puberty
Day/night cycles
Physiological processes of biorhythms variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Triangular gland behind the stomach
Has both exocrine and endocrine cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acinar cells produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha cells produce glucagon (a hyperglycemic hormone)
Beta cells produce insulin (a hypoglycemic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Glucogon/Major target is the liver, where it promotes |
|
Definition
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
To release of glucose to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lowers blood glucose levels
Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
Participates in neuronal development and learning and memory |
|
|
Term
| Three cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
Polyuria—huge urine output
Polydipsia—excessive thirst
Polyphagia—excessive hunger and food consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive insulin secretion; results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
| hormone produced by heart |
|
Definition
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood Na+ concentration |
|
|
Term
| Gastrointestinal tract enteroendocrine cells produce: |
|
Definition
Gastrin stimulates release of HCl
Secretin stimulates liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Erythropoietin signals production of red blood cells
Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leptin is involved in appetite control, and stimulates increased energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thymulin, thymopoietins, and thymosins are involved in normal the development of the T lymphocytes in the immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypercortisolism, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Hirsutism, Hypernatremia, Hypokalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central obesity, Cervical fat pads, Collagen fibre weakness, Comedones (acne) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urinary free cortisol and glucose increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striae, Suppressed immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose intolerance, Growth retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Controls anterior pituitary function
Regulates
Temperature
Fluid volume
Growth
RESPONDS TO:
Pain
Pleasure
Hunger/thirst |
|
|
Term
| Pituitary Gland/ 2 parts: |
|
Definition
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) |
|
|
Term
| Pituitary Gland/Anterior lobe/secretes |
|
Definition
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle stimulating,luteinizing
Thyroid-stimulating
Adrenocorticotropic |
|
|
Term
| Pituitary Gland/Posterior Lobe/secretes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| producing, being, or relating to a secretion that is released outside its source |
|
|
Term
| A deficiency of ACTH is a cause of |
|
Definition
| secondary adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| an excess of ACTH is a cause of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An Exocrine gland is distinguished by the fact that |
|
Definition
| it excretes its essential product by way of a duct to some environment external to itself, be it either inside the body or on a surface of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of exocrine glands include |
|
Definition
| the sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas and liver. |
|
|
