Term
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Definition
| a slow growing tumor derived from rathke's pouch |
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Term
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Definition
Superior thyroid artery: First branch off the esternal carotid artery and supplies the superior half of the thyroid
Inferior thyroid artery: Stems from the thyrocervical trunk which is a branch of the subclavian artery.
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Term
| where is ectopic theyroid tissue most commonly found? |
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Definition
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Definition
formed from an epithelium outpouching which develops in the floor of the foregut at 3-4 weeks gestation.Thyroid migrates leaving thethyroglossal duct wchi closes leaving the foramen cecum as the adult remnant. The thyroid begins secreting hormone 18th week of dev.
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Term
Hyperthyroid patients are treated with |
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Definition
Propylthiouracil (PTU), which inhibits the peroxidase enzyme, thereby decreasing thryroid hormone synthesis at oxidation
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Term
| Parathyroids are derived from |
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Definition
Branchial pouch endoderrm during 5th and 6th weeks of gestation. -inferior parathyroids: dorsal wing of 3rd pouch - Superior parathyroids: 4th pouch Thyroid gland C cells are also derived from ultimobranchial body of 4th pouch
-thymus: ventral wing of 3rd pouch |
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Term
| Derivatives of branchial pouches |
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Definition
- middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
- epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
- Dorsal-inferior parathyroids
- Ventral-thymus
- superior parathyroids, thyroid gland C cells (derived from ultimobranchial body)
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Term
| Branchial clefts and membranes |
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Definition
Branchial cleft 1. external auditory meatus 2-4. temporarry cervical sinuses that are normally obliterated
Branchial membrane 1. tympanic membrane 2-4. temp structures that are normally obliterated
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Term
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Definition
CHIMPANZEES Calcium ingestion (milk-alkali syndrome) Hyperparathyroidism Iatrogenic (thiazides) Multiple myeloma Paget's disease Addison's disease Neoplasms Zollinger-Ellison Excess vitamin D Excess vitamin A Sarcoidosis |
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Definition
pseudohypoparathyroidism-renal resistance to PTH surgery pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hypoalbuminemia hypomagnesemia acute pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
exogenous insuli insulinoma EtOH ingestion Post op complication of gastric surgery reactive hypoglycemia liver failure |
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Term
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Definition
radiologic study using labeled radioactive technetium-99 that is used to locate parathyroid glands prior to surgery
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Term
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Definition
Pacnreas Pituitary Parathyroid tumors also called Wermer's syndrome |
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Definition
Medullary thyroid carcinoma pheo oral and GI mucosal neuromas Also called Sipple's syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Medullary thyroid pheo oral and GI mucosal neuromas |
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Term
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Definition
a rare condition in which ectopic thyroid tissue develops as part of an ovarian tumor causing hyperthyroidism
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Term
| Drug that causes hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| Amiodarone (can also cause hypothyroidism) |
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Term
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Definition
Papillary - most common, psammoma bodies, ground glass, good prognosis
Follicular-worse prognosis than P but good Medullary
- originates from C cells, makes calcitonin, MEN1 and MEN2
Anaplastic-elderly, poor prognosis Thyroid lymphoma-hashimotos
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Term
| Genetic associations with DM1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse effect of oral prednisone |
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Definition
Presnisone-induced Cushing's syndrome. Glucocorticoids increase the glucose production by the liver by stimulating gluconeogenesis and proteolysis in the skeletal muscle and releasing glucogenic amino acids into the vasculature.
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Term
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Definition
First generation: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide Second generation: Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide MOA: close K+ channel in B-cell membrane so cell depolarizes leading to insulin release via Ca2+ influx Use: stimulate release of endogenous insulin in T2DM. Require some islet funciton so useless in T1DM AEs: 1st gen-disulfiram-like rxn, 2nd gen: hypoglycemia
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Term
Insulin: Lispro Insulin NPH Lente Ultralente |
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Definition
Short acting, intermediate, long-acting MOA: binds insuling R (TK activity). increase glycogen stores in liver, increase glycogen and protein synthesis and K+ uptake in muscle, increase TG storage in fat Use: T1DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia and stress-induced hyperglycemia Tox: hypoglycemia, hypersensitivity rxn (v rare)
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Definition
A biguanide MOA unknown Use: oral hypoglycemic. Can be used in pts w/o islet function Tox: most serious AE is lactic acidosis |
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Term
Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone |
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Definition
MOA: increase target cell response to insulin Use: monotherapy in T2DM or combined with above agents AEs: weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity
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Definition
MOA: inhibit intestinal brush border alpha-glucosidases which lead to delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption leading to decreased postprandial hyperglycemia Use: monotherapy in T2DM AEs: GI disturbances
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Definition
MOA: alters fat metabolism bu inhibiting pancreatic lipases Use: long-term obesity mgmnt (with modified diet) AEs: steatorrhea, GI discomfort, reduced absortopn of fat-soluble vitamins, headache
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Term
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Definition
MOA: sympathomimetic serotonin and NE reuptake inhibitor Use: ST and LT obesity management AEs: hypertension and tachycardia |
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Term
| Bromocriptine and cabergoline |
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Definition
MOA: Dopamine receptor antagonists Use: prolactinomas and parkinson's disease AEs: dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion
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Term
| GH is stimulated in response to |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
defect in peripheral organ response to PTH leading to increased PTH levels. Autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance |
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Term
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated iwth |
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Definition
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Term
| High-dose glucocorticoid Tx can cause which ECG change? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| 17-alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency |
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Definition
A form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia Characterized by defects in glucocorticoid and sex steroid synthesis coupled with increased mineralocorticoid production. Low serum cortisol and sex steroid levels with elevated mineralocorticoid levels manifest as hypertension, hypo K, F w/o sexual maturation Aldo requires 21-B-hydroxylase but not 17-alpha-hydroxylase
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Definition
MOA: inhibit organification and coupline of TH synthesis. PTU also decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 Use: Hyperthyroidism. PTU is Tx of choice during breastfeeding AEs: skin rash, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, acute hepatic necrosis, vasculitis CI: pregnancy
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Definition
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| Clinical use of somatostatin (octreotide) |
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Definition
Acromegaly Carcinoid gastrinoma glucagonoma variceal bleeding |
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Definition
stimulates labor uterine contractions milk let-down controls uterine hemorrhage |
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Term
Thyroxine triiodothyronine |
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Definition
MOA: Thyroxine replacement Use: hypothyroidism, myxedema AEs: tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors
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Term
Glucocorticoids: prednisone triamcinolone dexamethasone beclomethasone
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Definition
MOA: decrease production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2 Use: addison's Dz, inlammation, immune suppression, asthma AEs: iatrogenic Cushing's (buffalo hump, moon face, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, bruising, osteoporosis, PUD, diabetes)
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Term
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Definition
MOA: GnRH analog with longer 1/2 life that can be used in pulsatile fashion to increase LH/FSH or continuously to suppress LH/FSH Use: pulsatile-amenorrhea, continuous-prostate Ca and endometriosis AEs: bone pain, feet/ankle swelling, decreased sexual desire
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Term
| Alendronate (a biphosphate) |
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Definition
MOA: stabilizes bony matrix Use: postmenopausal, decreased bone turnover in Paget's AE: heartburn, stomach upset, joint/back pain, headache
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