Term
|
Definition
| nerves, muscle, connective tissue, epithelial |
|
|
Term
| 5 stages of negative feedback |
|
Definition
| stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, effect |
|
|
Term
| Direct Intercellular Communication |
|
Definition
| gap junctions- cardiomyocytes and ciliated epithelia |
|
|
Term
Indirect intercellular communication
(3 types) |
|
Definition
Chemical messangers (chemical synapse)
1. Autocrine factor (target cell releases it's own messanger)
2. Paracrine Factor (secretory cell-> receptor cell)
3. Hormone- arrives via bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Pure Endocrine Glands (4) |
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, Neurohypohysis, Pineal, Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse endocrine glands (9) |
|
Definition
| thymus, heart, liver, kidney, placenta, stomach, intestines, adipose, skin |
|
|
Term
| Peptide/Protein hormone (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport) |
|
Definition
HYDROPHILIC / LIPIPOBIC
synthesis- protein synth pathway
storage- vesicles
secretion- exocytosis
transport- dissolved in blood |
|
|
Term
| Steroid Hormones (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport) |
|
Definition
LIPOPHILIC / HYDROPHOBIC
synth- modification of cholesterol
storage- no, made on demand
secretion- simple diffusion
transport- bound to plasma carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines / Amine Hormones (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport)) |
|
Definition
HYDROPHILIC / LIPIPHOBIC
synth- modification of tyrosine
storage- vesicles
secretion- exocytosis
transport- dissolved in plasma |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Hormones (tyrosine) (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport) |
|
Definition
LIPOPHILIC / HYDROPHOBIC (behaves like steroid)
synth & storage- special pathway
secretion- simple diffusion
transport- bound to plasma carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| Hormone changes at target cell |
|
Definition
open/close membrane channels
up/down enzyme activity
increase protein synthesis
increase secretory activity
increase mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Different H's produce same effect which is amplified
Glucagon + Epi = increase liver glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different H same effect. Combined effects =sum of individual effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One H opposes the effect of the other by producing opposite metabolic effects (Glucagon and Insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One H must be present for the other to exert its full effects (TH) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of endocrine stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of Hypothalamus (3) |
|
Definition
1. secrete regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
2. produce neurohormones stores in posterior pituitary (ADH and Oxytocin)
3. Control secretion of Catecholamines from adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones (6) |
|
Definition
| GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary (histological cell types, cell name, hormone) |
|
Definition
-Acidophils
somatotropes (GH)
Mammotropes (PRL)
-Basophils
Thyrotropes (TSH)
Gonadotropes (LH, FSH)
Adrenocorticotropes (ACTH)
-Chromophobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell types of the posterior Pituitary and hormones released |
|
Definition
| pituicytes (glial cells)- OT and ADH |
|
|
Term
| Axons that run from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary along the infundibulum |
|
Definition
| hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
|
|
Term
| Paraventricular Nuclei (H) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Hypothamalic Nuclei (Hormones) |
|
Definition
TRH (reg TSH)
CRH (reg ACTH)
GnRH (reg FSH and LH)
GHRH & GHIH (reg GH)
PRH & PIH (reg PRL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyrotrope cells
regulates TH secretion from thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticotrope cells
Regulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| LH & FSH (cell and function) |
|
Definition
Gonadotrope cells
regulates secretion of gonadal sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, progestins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lactotrope cells
regulates mammary gland development and milk production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
somatotrope cells
regulates overall body growth (bone, cartilage, and muscle)
Directly regulates intermediary metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Pineal Gland (cells and H) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located on trachea
bilobed- connected by isthmus
divided in lobules by septa
simple cuboidal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Follicle cells- TH
move TH into the colloid of thyroid follicles
-Parafollicular cells (C-cells)- Calcitonin (CT) |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid gland (cell type and H) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Gland (2 zones and secretions types) |
|
Definition
Adrenal cortex- corticosteroids
Adrenal medulla- Catecholamines (E/NE) |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Cortex (zones and H's) |
|
Definition
Zona Glomerulosa- Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Zona Reticularis- Gonadocorticoids (Androgens) |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Medulla (cells and H) |
|
Definition
| Chromaffin Cells (modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons)- E / NE (catecholamines) |
|
|
Term
| Pancreas (histological tissue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pancreas
Cell types and hormones |
|
Definition
alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thymosins (T-lymphocyte development) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cholecalciferol (inactive vit D)
Converted to Calcitriol (activ vit D3) in liver and kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient balance and appetite control (satiety) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease insulin sensitivity of body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ghrelin- increase hunger (opposite of leptin) |
|
|
Term
| Stress response- Alarm Phase Hormones |
|
Definition
| SNS releases E / NE and Glucagon- prepare the body for physical action |
|
|
Term
| Stress response resistance phase hormones |
|
Definition
-Cortisol and GH- maintain elevated blood glucose
-ADH and Aldosterone- conserve salt and water to maintain BP and BV |
|
|
Term
| Hormones involved in normal growth (6) |
|
Definition
| GH, TH, Insulin, Gonadal H's, PTH, Calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| Which steroids can bind to intracellular receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Hormones are involved in regulation of Blood Pressure (6) |
|
Definition
1. ADH- increase BP
2. Aldosterone- increase BP
3. Epinephrine-increase BP
4. Norepithephrine- increase BP
5. ANP- decrease BP-increase BP
6. BNP- decrease BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase BP by decreasing h20 secretion from kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase BP by increasing Na reabsorption from kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease BP by increasing excretion of salt and H20 from kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Which Hormones INCREASE blood glucose |
|
Definition
| GH, ACTH (under stress), Cortisol, E/NE, Glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone increase blood glucose but doesn't stimulate glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol- Stimulates proteolysis instead |
|
|
Term
| which hormones increase blood calcium? |
|
Definition
PTH- increase osteoclasts, decrease kidney secretion, increase absorption in the guy by stimulating calcitriol release
Cholecalciferol
Calcitriol- SI absorption |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone reduces blood calcium |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin- decreases osteoclast activity and increases calcium uptake by osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| What cells to CD4's differentiate into |
|
Definition
| Helper T cells, Memory cells, and Suppressor T cells |
|
|
Term
| What MHC's do CD4 recognize |
|
Definition
| MHCII (exogenous)- recognized by Naive CD4s and Helper T cells |
|
|
Term
| What APCs do CD4's recognize |
|
Definition
| dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells to CD8s differentiate into? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells and Memory Cells |
|
|
Term
| What MHC's do CH8's recognize |
|
Definition
| MHCI- endogenous- Recognized by cytotoxic T cells and Naive CD8s |
|
|
Term
| What APC's do CD8s recognize |
|
Definition
| nucleated cells and dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| Target cell activation is dependent on what 3 factors? |
|
Definition
1. hormone concentration in blood
2. Receptor concentration
3. binding affinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in target cell sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in target cell sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located above the pituitary below the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin (stimulus and function) |
|
Definition
neuroendocrine stretch reflex
-milk ejection, uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
| ADH (vasopressin)- stimulus and function |
|
Definition
stim- low blood pressure or high osmolarity (hypothalamic osmoreceptors)
-reduces excretion of water from kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin- stimulus and functions |
|
Definition
stim- light/dark
functions
1. circadian rhythm
2. protect CNS from free radicals
3. suppress reproductive function until puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. regulate (increase) overall metabolic rate of body cells (calorigenic effect)
2. Permissive for catecholamines
3. Essential for normal growth and nervous system development |
|
|
Term
| Grave's Disease (H and result) |
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of TH- autoimmune disease where TSI acts as TSH and overstimulates TH production (goiter) |
|
|
Term
| Myxedema and cretinism (H) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TH (all body cells have TH receptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortisol (permissive for normal vasoconstriction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary hypersecretion of Cortisol via pituitary tumor which causes increase in ACTH production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary hypersecretion of Cortisol via adrenal gland tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to onset of puberty and libido |
|
|
Term
| Which two glucose forming processes take place in the liver? |
|
Definition
| glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Chromaffin cells to release E/ NE? |
|
Definition
| preganglionic fibers of the SNS release Ach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liver- increase glyconeolysis and gluconeogenesis
Adipose- lipolysis
increase skeletal muscle metabolism
increase cardiac output and dilate bronchioles
decrease GI and Urinary function |
|
|
Term
| Hyposecretion of Insulin causes what disease? |
|
Definition
| Type 1 diabetes (treated with insulin, hormone replacement therapy, exercise and diet) |
|
|
Term
| hypoactivity of insulin causes what disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones secreted by the Male Gonads |
|
Definition
| Androgens (testosterone), and inhibin |
|
|
Term
| H's secreted by the female gonads |
|
Definition
| Estrogens, prgestins, inhibin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
