1) Hormones

2) Neurotransmitters

3) Neurohormones

Message released & acts upon self

Ex) cytokines, growth factors

message released & acts within same tissue (on neighboring cells)

prostaglandins: immunological like inflammation, pain, asprin

Reproduction: dilate cervix, menstrual cramps

Circulatory: dilate blood vessels

1) amines

2) peptides

3) proteins

4) steroids

1) melatonin

2) serotonin

3) catecholamines (epi, norepi)

4) T3, T4 (thyroid hormones)

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

lipid soluble substances made from cholesterol

estradiol

testosterone

cortisol

aldosterone

Direct activation of gene transcription

Second messenger systems

Feedback loops

"the master's master"

controls sex drive, thirst, hunger, sleep cycles, temperature, growth, smooth muscle contractions

produces "releasing hormones" which stimulate pitutiary

1) Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)

2) Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

3) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

4) Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

5) Prolactin

6) Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ADCH)

melatonin

sets body's biological clock

T3, T4 - O2 use, basal metabolic rate, growth and development

calcitonin - calcium homeostasis, helps to store calcium in the bone

1) Thyroid

2) Parathyroid

3) Adrenal Gland

4) Pineal Gland

5) Pancreas

6) Pituitary

Superior & Inferior Thyroid Artery

Superior & Middle Thyroid Veins 

Insufficienct iodine in diet (No T3, T4)

TSH rises = increases colloid production

Adult: myexedema

Child: cretinism

Increase serum calicum levels

Embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland (4)

1) Osteoclasts - cleavage of bone

2) Kidneys - increase reabsorption of calcium

3) Intestines - increase absorption of calcium 

Produces thymosin & thymopoetin

Stimulate conversion of B-lymphocytes to T-lymphocytes

Zones of Cortex of Renal Gland (3)

& what do they secrete

1) Zona Glomerulosa: aldosterone

2) Zona Fasciculate: cortisol

3) Zona Reticularis: androgen

Adrenal Gland Medulla

what does it secrete and what does that do

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Speeds up HR, helps breathe better, increase BP

*modified sympathetic gangion of ANS

Medulla- source of androgens

Testosterone

gets converted to estradiol- one way conversion

Typical "sports like behavior" in males comes from estradiol

Most common androgen (Testosterone)

Important stress hormone

sick when stressed bc cortisol intereferes with WBC (works as anti inflammatory drugs)

Increases blood sugar

aid in fat, protein, fat metabolism

Hypercortisolemia

Cushing's disease

tumor on adrenal gland that secretes cortisol or elsewhere to secrete ACTH

overproduction of CSH

Flush red cheeks, pear shape, skinny legs... weight comes off when treated

Hypocortisolema

Addison's disease

Underactive adrenals, not enough cortisol

Adrenals under attack of immune system, all steroid hormones decrease

Little cortisol and aldoserone- hard to maintain Na+ balance, can be life threatening

Treated with salt tablets

works in kidneys by retaining Na+ and H20 and excreting K+ and H+

Works in increasing blood volume

Supportive role in raising blood pressure

Stimulated by decrease in blood pressure & fluid volume

Renin- from Kidneys

Angiotension- from Liver

Aldosterone- from Adrenal Gland

works to increase Na+/H2O reabsorption to increase BP and fluid volume

Inslet cells- endocrine function

alpha: glucagon

beta: insulin

gamma: somatostation

f: pancreatic polypeptic

Acini- exocrine function

digestive enzymes- amalyse, lipase, peptidase?

Hypoglycemia

Too little blood sugar, jittery, mean, hungry for fats and carbs

Hyperglycemia

too high blood sugar (diabetic)

Type 1- insulin dependent, cannot make enough

Type 2- insulin insensitive, need to increase to get same response

Take androgen and convert it to estradiol

grow endometrium (lining of uterus)

positive feedback of estrogen on hypothalamus and pituitary 3-4 days prior to ovulation

ovulation on day 14

fairly stable/ low levels of all hormones

LH surge stimulates ovulation

3 days to menstruate

usually, estrogen levels are kept low by negative feedback, but follicular growth stimulates estrogen

last 14 days of cycle

dramatic shift from making estrogen to progesterone

when follicle ruptures and turns yellow, yellow granulosa cells make lots of progesterone

if not pregnant, progesterone levels decrease and endometrium is shed

if pregnanty, progesterone levels continue and granulosa cells continue

Hypothalamus (GnRH)

Pituitary (LH, FSH)

Leydig cells make testosterone (LH)

Sertoli cells make sperm (FSH)

week 7 of gestation- no differentiation

lower 1/3 of vagina common in embryo in both males and females

PRESENCE OF ANDROGEN = MALE

NO PRESENSE OF ANDROGEN = FEMALE

adrenal gland secretes too much androgen

female infants are masculinized 

cause: tumor on androgen on either adrenal or fetus of mother

"eggs by 12"

In Dominical Republic

boys with 5-alpha reductase dificiency raised as girls until puberty

No androgen receptors

taller than average, longer neck, genetically male, testes by kidneys, but look like female

No disjunction

chromosomes fail to sperate during meiosis

ultimate endocrine organ

hCG- detectible in pregnancy tests

stimulates milk contraction in ducts of mammalary glands

"let down"

also stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus