Term
Hyperthyroidism S/S
Skin, Cardio, Neuromuscular |
|
Definition
Skin: Soft, warm, and flushed
Cardiac: Increased CO, increased contractility; cardiac failure
Neuromuscular: Tremor, anxiety, inability to concentrate, insomnia, proximal muscle weakness and decreased mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gain of Function of:
TSHR and GNAS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Well demarcated and well defined, with INTACT CAPSULE
Little variation in nucleus, rare mitotic figures
Can have Hurthle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unilateral, painless mass, ~3cm
Usually has no uptake of Iodine (Cold nodules)
Can cause mass effect |
|
|
Term
| Papillary Carcinomas (Genetics) |
|
Definition
MAP Kinase pathway:
RET and PTC translocations
or
BRAF mutation with NTRK1 |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Carcinomas (Genetics) |
|
Definition
PI-3K/AKT Pathway:
GoF mutation of RAS and PIK3CA; loss of PTEN
or
Unique PAX8 and PPARG fusion translocation |
|
|
Term
| Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Carcinomas (Genetics) |
|
Definition
RAS or PIK3CA
If p53 is mutated and B-catenin are unique |
|
|
Term
| Medullary Thyroid Carinoma (Genetic) |
|
Definition
| RET mutation (without PTC) |
|
|
Term
| Papillary Carcinomas (RF) |
|
Definition
Ionizing radiation
25-50 y/o |
|
|
Term
| Papillary Carcinomas (Morphology) |
|
Definition
Solitary, well-circumsized
Branching papillae with fibrovascular stock
Nucelus: (Distinguish from Follicular Adenoma)
Orphan Anni nuclei
Pseudoinclusions
Lymphatic invasion |
|
|
Term
| Follicular variant (Papillary Carcinoma) |
|
Definition
| More RAS mutations, with a distinct BRAF mutation |
|
|
