LESSON PLAN: ALL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE TO SUSTAIN LIFE & CONDITIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO IMBALANCES

BOOK: PROCESSES OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIOSN OCCURING IN THE BODYS CELLS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE ENERGY, REPAIR CELLS, & MAINTAIN LIFE

DISORDER OF HYPERGLYCEMIA RESULTING FROM DEFECTS IN INSULIN SECRETION, INSULIN ACTION, OR BOTH, LEADING TO ABNORMALITIES IN CARBS, PROTEIN, & FAT METABOLISM

FOUR MAJOR TYPES:

 DM1(5-10%)

DM2(90-95%)

GESTATIONAL DIABETES(2-5% OF ALL PREGNANCIES)OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES(1-2%)

DIABETES TYPE 1

AKA JUVENILE-ONSET OR INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS

RESULTS FROM PANCREATIC ISLET CELL DESTRUCTION AND A TOTAL DEFICIT OF CIRCULATING INSULIN

BETA CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS ARE THE ONLY CELLS IN THE BODY THAT MAKE INSULIN

MAY BE AUTOIMMUNE OR IDIOPATHIC

90% OF THE CASES ARE IMMUNE MEDICATED

DIABETES TYPE 2

AKA NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DM OR ADULT ONSET DIABETES

RESULTS FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE WITH A DEFECT IN COMPENSATORY INSULIN SECRETION

CONDITION OF FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA THAT OCCURS DESPITE AVAILABILITY OF ENDOGENOUS INSULIN

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS SECRETED BY VARIOUS GLANDS THAT EXERT CONTROLLING EFFECTS ON THE CELLS OF THE BODY

REGULATE VARIED FUNCTIONS SUCH AS GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, FLUID/ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, GENDER DIFFERENTIATION

PRODUCED BY BETA CELLS; FACILITATE THE UPTAKE AND USE OF GLUCOSE BY CELLS AND PREVENTS AND EXCESSIVE BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER AND MUSCLE

DECREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

STIMULATES THE BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER, THE FORMATION OF CARBS IN THE LIVER, AND THE BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS IN BOTH THE LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

PRIMARY FUNCTION TO DECREASE GLUCOSE OXIDATION AND INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

INCREASED FOOD INTAKE - HUNGER

COMBINATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA DURING THE NIGHT WITH REBOUND MORNING RISE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE TO HYPERGLYCEMIC LEVELS

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

(DKA)

DEVELOPS WHEN THERE IS AN ABSOLUTE DEFICIENCY OF INSULIN AND AN INCREASE IN THE INSULIN COUNTERREGULATORY HORMONES

BODY BEGINS TO BREAKDOWN FATS FOR ENERGY LEAVING KETONES IN BLOOD WHICH ARE TOXIC ACIDS

PRIMARILY OCCURS IN TYPE 1 DM

HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE

HHS

CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, HYPEROSMOLARITY, AND DEHYDRATION WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT KETOACIDOSIS OR KETONES IN BLOOD 

HYPOGLYCEMIA

AKA INSULIN SHOCK,

 INSULIN REACTION, OR "THE LOWS"

*LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

 *COMMON IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 1 DM

CHANGES IN THE RETINA THAT OCCUR IN THE PERSON WITH DIABETES R/T ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD FLOW IN THE RETINAL CAPILLARY STRUCTURE

HAS 3 STAGES:

*ONE: NONPROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

*TWO:PREPROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

*THREE: PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY

DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS CHARACTERIZED BY PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN IN THE URINE, HTN, EDEMA, AND PROGRESSIVE RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

OCCURS IN 30-40% PPL WITH TYPE 1 DM

& 20% OF TYPE 2 DM

LOW BUT ABNORMAL LEVEL OF ALBUMIN IN THE URINE

FIRST INDICATION OF NEPHROPATHY

THICKENING OF WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS THAT SUPPLY NERVES CAUSING DECREASE IN NUTRIENTS

DEMYELINIZATION OF SCHWANN CELLS THAT SURROUND & INSULATE NERVES SLOWING NERVE CONDUCTION

FORMATION & ACCUMULATION OF SORBITOL WITHIN THE SCHWANN CELLS, IMPAIRING NERVE CONDUCTION

END STAGE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

IT IS A PROGRESSIVE, IRREVERSIBLE DISORDER, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO LIVER FAILURE

ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS

AKA

LAENNECS CIRRHOSIS

MOST COMMON TYPE OF CIRRHOSIS IN NORTH AMERICA AND MANY PARTS OF EUROPE AND SOUTH AMERICA

END RESULT OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

DIRECTLY RELATED TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

MALNUTRITION COMMONLY ACCOMPANIES ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS

POSTHEPATIC CIRRHOSIS

OR

POSTNECROTIC CIRRHOSIS

ADVANCED PROGRESSIVE LIVER DISEASE RESULTING FROM CHRONIC HEP B OR C OR FROM AN UNKNOWN CAUSE.

CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS LEADING CAUSE

LIVER IS SHRUNKEN AND NODULAR, WITH EXTENSIVE LOSS OF LIVER CELLS AND FIBROSIS

ASPIRATION OF FLUID FROM PERITONEAL CAVITY

MAY BE DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC

GOAL TO RELIEVE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS CAUSED BY EXCESS FLUID IN THE ABDOMEN

IRRIGATION OF THE STOMACH WITH LARGE QUANTITIES OR NORMAL SALINE

PERFORMED TO IMPROVE VISUALIZATION FOR ENDOSCOPY

TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC POROSYSTEMIC SHUNT

(TIPS)

USED TO RELIEVE PORTAL HTN AND COMPLICATIONS OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICES AND ASCITES

A CHANNEL CREATED THROUGH THE LIVER TISSUE USING A NEEDLE INSERTED TRANSCUTANEOULSY AN