Functions of the Endocrine System - primary function
Definition
to secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - what is a hormone?
Definition
chemical messenger with a specialized function
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - steroid hormones
Definition
help control metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics and the ability to withstand illness and injury
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - steroids, what kinds are there?
Definition
those made by the body and medications that duplicate the action of naturally occurring steroids
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - Anabolic Steroids, what are they chemically related to?
Definition
testosterone, used illegally by athletes to increase strength and muscle mass
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - Anabolic Steroids, serious side effect?
Definition
liver damage, altered body chemistry, testicular shrinkage and breast development in males, plus unpredictable mood swings and violence
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - Anabolic Steroids, what happens to teens who use them?
Definition
long bone underdevelopment making them shorter
Term
Functions of the Endocrine System - Anabolic Steroids, how are they detected?
Definition
blood or urine testing
Term
Hormones, source and function: aldosterone
Definition
adrenal cortex, aids in regulating levels of salt and water
Term
Hormones, source and function: androgens
Definition
adrenal cortex and gonads, influence sex-related characteristics
Term
Hormones, source and function: adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
Term
Hormones, source and function: antidiuretic hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted
Term
Hormones, source and function: calcitonin
Definition
thyroid gland, works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Term
Hormones, source and function: cortisol
Definition
adrenal cortex, regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body, has anti-inflammatory action
Term
Hormones, source and function: epinephrine
Definition
adrenal medulla, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Hormones, source and function: estrogen
Definition
ovaries, develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle
Term
Hormones, source and function: follicle-stimulating hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, females: stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs), male: stimulates production of sperm
Term
Hormones, source and function: glucagon
Definition
pancreatic islets, increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Term
Hormones, source and function: growth hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
Term
Hormones, source and function: human chorionic gonadotropin
Definition
placenta, stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy
Term
Hormones, source and function: insulin
Definition
pancreatic islets, regulates the transport of glucose to the body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage
Term
Hormones, source and function: lactogenic hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk
Term
Hormones, source and function: luteinizing hormone
adrenal medulla, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Hormones, source and function: oxytocin
Definition
pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth
Term
Hormones, source and function: parathyroid hormones
Definition
parathyroid glands, works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Term
Hormones, source and function: progesterone
Definition
ovaries, completes the uterus for possible pregnancy
Term
Hormones, source and function: testosterone
Definition
testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Term
Hormones, source and function: thymosin
Definition
thymus, plays important role in the immune system
Term
Hormones, source and function: thyroid hormones
Definition
thyroid gland, regulates the rate of metabolism
Term
Hormones, source and function: thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
Term
Structures of the Endocrine System - how many major glands?
Definition
13
Term
Structures of the Endocrine System - what are the major glands?
Definition
1. one pituitary gland 2. one thyroid gland 3. four parathyroid glands 4. two adrenal glands 5. one pancreas with pancreatic islets 6. one thymus 7. one pineal gland 8. two gonads (testicles or ovaries)
Term
Medical Specialties Related to the Endocrine System - endocrinologist
Definition
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of and malfunctions of the glands of internal secretion
Term
Pathology of the Endocrine System - endocrinopathy
Definition
any disease due to a disorder of the endocrine system
Term
Pathology of the Endocrine System - hypercrinism
Definition
a condition caused by excessive secretion from any gland, especially an endocrine gland
Term
Pathology of the Endocrine System - hypocrinism
Definition
a condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland
Term
Diagnostic Procedures Related to the Endocrine System - what two ways?
Definition
nuclear medicine and imaging, blood or urine samples to test hormone levels
Term
The Pituitary Gland - size, location, composition
Definition
pea-sized, base of brain below hypothalamus, anterior and posterior lobes
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Functions - primary?
Definition
to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Functions - acts to stimuli from what, what happens?
Definition
stimuli from the hypothalamus, checks and balances to maintain proper blood level of each hormone
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Functions of the hypothalamus, what is it a part of?
Definition
secretes neurohormones which acts on part of the nervous system, part of the brain
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as?
Definition
adrenotropin, stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - follicle stimulating hormone, also known as?
Definition
follitropin, in females stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of eggs, in males stimulates the production of sperm
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - growth hormone, also known as?
Definition
somatotropin, regulates the growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - lactogenic hormone, also known as?
Definition
prolactin, stimulates and maintains the production of breast milk after childbirth
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, also known as?
Definition
luteinizing hormone or luteotropin, stimulates ovulation in females, secretion of testosterone in males
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - melanocyte-stimulating hormone, also known as?
Definition
melanotropin, increases pigmentation of the skin
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Anterior Lobe - thyroid-stimulating hormone, also known as?
Definition
thyrotropin, stimulates the growth and secretions of the thyroid gland
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Posterior Lobe - antidiuretic hormone
Definition
maintains water balance within the body by promoting the reabsorbtion of water through the kidneys
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Posterior Lobe - oxytocin
Definition
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, after childbirth stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands
Term
The Pituitary Gland - Secretions of the Posterior Lobe - pitocin
Definition
synthetic oxytocin, given to speed up childbirth
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - acromegaly
Definition
abnormal enlargement of the hands and feet due to excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - gigantism, also known as?
Definition
giantism, abnormal overgrowth of the body caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - hyperpituitarism
Definition
excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - hypopituitarism
Definition
a condition of reduced secretion due to partial or complete loss of function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - pituitarism
Definition
any disorder of the pituitary function
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - pituitary adenoma
Definition
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland which causes excess secretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - pituitary adenoma, what does too much adrenotropin do?
Definition
stimulates excessive production of cortisol, which causes most cases of Cushing's syndrome
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - prolactin producing adenoma, also known as?
Definition
prolactinoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes too much prolactin to be produced
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - Diabetes Insipidus, causes
Definition
insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - Diabetes Insipidus, symptoms or results in?
Definition
too much fluid is excreted resulting in extreme thirst (polydipsia) or extreme urination (polyuria)
Term
Pathology of the Pituitary Gland - Diabetes Insipidus, is it like diabetes mellitus?
Definition
no
Term
Treatment Procedures for the Pituitary Gland - human growth hormone therapy, also known as?
Definition
recombinant GH, a synthetic version of the growth hormone, used to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
Term
The Thyroid Gland - shape, location
Definition
butterfly-shaped, lies on either side of the larynx just below the thyroid cartilage
Term
Functions of the Thyroid Gland - primary function?
Definition
regulate the body's metabolism
Term
Functions of the Thyroid Gland - other functions?
Definition
influence growth and the functioning of the nervous system
Term
Secretions of the Thyroid Gland - thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Definition
the two primary thyroid hormones, they influence the rate of metabolism, secretion is controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone
Term
Secretions of the Thyroid Gland - calcitonin, also known as?
Definition
thyrocalcitonin, works with the parathyroid to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Term
Secretions of the Thyroid Gland - calcitonin, how does it reduce blood level calcium?
Definition
by moving calcium from the blood to bones and teeth
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Definition
autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid tissue, progressively kills the thyroid gland
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Hashimoto's thyroiditis, can lead to what?
Definition
goiter, hypothyroidism, or progressively destroy the gland
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Insufficient Thyroid Secretion - hypothyroidism, also known as? symptoms?
Definition
underactive thyroid, a deficiency of thyroid secretions, symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold and a decreased metabolic rate
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Insufficient Thyroid Secretion - cretinism, what happens if not treated?
Definition
congenital form of hypothyroidism, if treatment is not started soon after birth, cretinism causes arrested physical and mental development
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Insufficient Thyroid Secretion - myxedema
Definition
severed form of adult hypothyroidism, symptoms include enlarged tongue and puffiness of hands and face
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Excessive Thyroid Secretion - hyperthyroidism, what is it and symptoms
Definition
excessive thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, symptoms include increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness and weight loss
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Excessive Thyroid Secretion - thyrotoxicosis, also known as?
Definition
thyroid storm, a life-threatening condition resulting from the release of excessive quantities of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Excessive Thyroid Secretion - Grave's disease
Definition
autoimmune disorder characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Excessive Thyroid Secretion - Grave's disease, what is goiter? also known as?
Definition
thyromegaly, an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces a swelling in the front of the neck
Term
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - Excessive Thyroid Secretion - Grave's disease, what is exophthalmos?
Definition
abnormal protrusion of the eyes
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - thyroid stimulating hormone assay
Definition
measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - thyroid scan
Definition
a form of nuclear medicine
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - antithyroid drug
Definition
slows the ability of the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - chemical thyroidectomy, also known as?
Definition
radioactive iodine therapy, administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - chemical thyroidectomy, used to treat?
Definition
hyperthyroidism such as Grave's disease
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - lobectomy
Definition
surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, also used to refer to removal of lobes of the liver, brain, or lung
Term
Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures Related to the Thyroid Gland - synthetic thyroid hormones
Definition
used to replace lost thyroid function
Term
The Parathyroid Glands - how many, location, size?
Definition
four, within the thyroid gland, rice-sized
Term
Functions of the Parathyroid Glands -
Definition
primary function is to regulate calcium levels throughout the body, important for smooth functioning of the muscular and nervous systems
Term
Secretions of the Parathyroid Glands - parathyroid hormone, also known as? functions?
Definition
parahormone, works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues by increasing calcium levels
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - insufficient paratyroid secretion - hypoparathyroidism
Definition
insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid glands
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - insufficient paratyroid secretion - hypocalcemia
Definition
abnormally low amounts of calcium in the blood
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - insufficient paratyroid secretion - tetany
Definition
periodic painful muscles spams or tremors
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - excessive paratyroid secretion - hyperparathyroidism
Definition
overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, PTH. causes hypercalcemia which can lead to weakened bones and kidney stones
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - excessive paratyroid secretion - hypercalcemia
Definition
abnormally high concentrations of calcium in the blood rather than being stored in the bones
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - excessive paratyroid secretion - primary hyperparathyroidism, caused by?
Definition
a diseased parathyroid gland
Term
Pathology of the Parathyroid Glands - excessive paratyroid secretion - secondary hyperparathyroidism, caused by?
Definition
a problem elsewhere in the body, kidney failure causes secondary h-- by making the body resistant tor the action of the parathyroid hormone
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Parathyroid Glands - parathyroidectomy
Definition
surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands to control hyperparathyrodism
Term
The Adrenal Glands, also known as, location and parts
Definition
adrenals, located one on top of each kidney, adrenal cortex is the outer layer, adrenal medulla is the middle
Term
Functions of the Adrenal Glands - primary?
Definition
controlling electrolyte levels in the body (sodium and potassium)
Term
Functions of the Adrenal Glands - other functions
Definition
help regulate metabolism and interacts with the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex - corticosteroids?
Definition
the name given to any of the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex - mineralocorticoids
Definition
regulates the mineral salts in the body
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex - mineralocorticoids, what is the primary one?
Definition
aldosterone, regulates salt and water levels in the body by reabsorbtion in the kidneys
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex -
Definition
regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and have an anti-inflammatory effect
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex - , primary one, also known as?
Definition
cortisol, hydrocortisone
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex - gonadocorticoids, also known as?
Definition
androgens, influence sex-related characteristics, replaced by gonads in adults
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Medulla - epinephrine, also known as?
Definition
adrenaline, and norepinephrine, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Secretions of the Adrenal Medulla - epinephrine, what does it cause?
Definition
increase in heart rate and blood pressure, symptoms associated with severe stress
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - adrenalitis
Definition
inflammation of the adrenal glands
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Insufficient Adrenal Secretions - Addison's disease
Definition
condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Insufficient Adrenal Secretions - Addison's disease, symptoms?
Definition
chronic worsening fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - aldosteronism
Definition
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - primary aldosteronism, also known as?
Definition
Conn's Syndrome, aldosteronism caused by disorders of the adrenal glands
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - secondary aldosteronism
Definition
not caused by adrenal gland disorders but secondary to another disorder elsewhere in the body, such as nephrotic syndrome
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - pheochromocytoma
Definition
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excessive epinephrine
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - Cushing's syndrome, also known as?
Definition
hypercortisolism, caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
Term
Pathology of the Adrenal Glands - Excessive Adrenal Secretions - Cushing's syndrome, other causes and symptom
Definition
overproduction of cortisol by the body or from taking glucocorticoid hormone medications to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Adrenal Glands - laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Definition
minimally invasive procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Adrenal Glands - cortisone, also known as?
Definition
hydrocortisone, synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids, used to suppress inflammation and as as immunosuppressant
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Adrenal Glands - epinephrine
Definition
synthetic hormone used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhytmias and asthma attacks
Term
The Pancreatic Islets - shape, location, primary function
Definition
feather-shaped, posterior or behind the stomach, part of the digestive system
Term
The Pancreatic Islets - also known as?
Definition
islets of Langerhans, are cells within the pancreas that have an endocrine function
Term
Functions of the Pancreatic Islets -
Definition
to control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism throughout the body
Term
Secretions of the Pancreatic Islets - glucagon
Definition
a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low blood sugar levels
Term
Secretions of the Pancreatic Islets - glucagon, how does it increase glucose?
Definition
by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream
Term
Secretions of the Pancreatic Islets - insulin
Definition
secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high blood sugar levels
Term
Secretions of the Pancreatic Islets - insulin, what two ways does it function?
Definition
allows glucose to enter the cells to be used for energy, when glucose is not needed, insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - hyperglycemia
Definition
abnormally high concentrations of glucose in the blood
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - hyperglycemia, who is it seen in?, symptoms?
Definition
diabetes mellitus, polydisia, polyphagia and polyuria
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - polyphagia
Definition
increased hunger
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - hyperinsulinism
Definition
excessive secretion of insulin, causes hyperglycemia
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - hypoglycemia
Definition
abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - insulinoma
Definition
benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - pancreatalgia
Definition
pain in the pancreas
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Diabetes Mellitus -
Definition
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Diabetes Mellitus - what types, complications with categorization?
Definition
Type 1, Type 2, many people don't fit into these molds and the treatment goals for everyone is to control blood sugar levels and prevent diabetic complications
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 1 Diabetes - previously known as?
Definition
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 1 Diabetes - what is it, how does it come about?
Definition
autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder, involves the destruction of the pancreatic islet beta cells = body does not secrete insulin
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 1 Diabetes - how is it treated?
Definition
carefully regulated insulin replacement therapy, diet and exercise
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 2 Diabetes - previously known as?
Definition
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 2 Diabetes - what is it, how does it come about?
Definition
insulin resistance disorder, although insulin is being produced, the body does not use it effectively; in an attempt to compensate, the body produces more insulin
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 2 Diabetes - how is it treated?
Definition
diet, exercise, and medications
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Type 1 Diabetes - what medications?
Definition
oral hypoglycemics lowers blood sugar by causing the body to release more insulin, glucophage (metaformin hydrochloride) and similar meds work within cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood sugars enter the cells
Term
Pathology of the Pancreas - Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
a form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies, usually disappears after childbirth, some women develop type 2 later
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - fasting blood sugar test
Definition
measures glucose levels after fasting for 8 to 12 hours, used to screen and monitor diabetes mellitus
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - oral glucose tolerance test
Definition
used to confirm diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and aid in diagnosis hypoglycemia
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - home blood glucose monitoring
Definition
measures current blood sugar level, done by patient, requires drop of blood
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - fructosamine test
Definition
measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks, able to detect changes more rapidly than the HbA1c test
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - hemoglobin A1c testing, also known as?
Definition
the HbA1c (H B A and 1 C) is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous three to four months
Term
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Procedures - hemoglobin A1c testing, used for?
Definition
to evaluate how well blood sugar levels have been controlled and as a screening for diabetes mellitus
Term
Diabetic Complications - how do they occur?
Definition
long-term exposure to excessive blood sugar damages capillaries and other blood vessels
Term
Diabetic Complications - heart disease
Definition
excess blood sugar makes the walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid, encourages hypertension and atherosclerosis
Term
Diabetic Complications - kidney disease
Definition
renal failure can occur because the damage to the blood vessel reduces blood flow to the kidneys
Term
Diabetic Complications - neuropathy
Definition
damage to nerves
Term
Diabetic Complications - neuropathy - what is it called when nerves are damaged in the hands and feet? symptoms?
Definition
peripheral neuropathy, pain, tingling, or numbness
Term
Diabetic Complications - diabetic retinopathy
Definition
occur when the tiny blood vessels in the retina are damaged, can lead to blindness
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Pancreas - pancreatectomy
Definition
surgical removal of the pancreas
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Pancreas - what is a total pancreatectomy? why? what other organs?
Definition
the same as a pancreatectomy, done to treat pancreatic cancer, gall bladder, spleen, part of the stomach, common bile duct and part of the small intestine are also removed.
Term
The Thymus - location
Definition
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity, behind the sternum and slightly above the heart
Term
Function of the Thymus -
Definition
hormones secreted by the thymus play important role in the immune system
Term
Secretions of the Thymus -
Definition
thymosin stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system
Term
Pathology of the Thymus - thymitis
Definition
inflammation of the thymus gland
Term
Pathology of the Thymus - thymoma
Definition
a usually benign tumor derived from the tissue of the thymus
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Thymus - thymectomy
Definition
surgical removal of the thymus gland
Term
The Pineal Gland - shape, location, primary function
Definition
very small, somewhat like a pine cone, in the central portion of the brain. Function is unclear but is known to influence the sleep/wake cycle
Term
Secretion of the Pineal Gland - melatonin
Definition
influences the sleep/wake portion of the circadian cycle
Term
Pathology of the Pineal Gland - pinealopathy
Definition
any disorder of the pineal gland
Term
Treatment Procedures of the Pineal Gland - pinealectomy
Definition
surgical removal of the pineal gland
Term
The Gonads - male and female?
Definition
testicles and ovaries
Term
The Gonads - what is a gamete?
Definition
a reproduction cell, sperm and ova
Term
The Gonads - gonadotropic hormone, also known as?
Definition
gonandotropin, is any hormone that stimulates the gonads
Term
Functions of the Gonads - primary function
Definition
to secrete hormones that are responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty
Term
Functions of the Gonads - what is puberty?
Definition
the condition of first being able to reproduce sexually.
Term
Functions of the Gonads - how is puberty marked?
Definition
maturing of genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, and the first occurrence of menstruation
Term
Functions of the Gonads - average age of puberty onset?
Definition
12 for girls, 14 for boys
Term
Functions of the Gonads - what is precocious puberty?
Definition
early onset of puberty, before nine in girls and before 10 in boys
Term
Secretions of the testicles
Definition
testosterone stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
Secretions of the Ovaries - estrogen
Definition
important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle
Term
Secretions of the Ovaries - progesterone
Definition
hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary, completes preparation for pregnancy
Term
Secretions of the Ovaries - what happens if pregnancy occurs?
Definition
the placenta takes over production of progesterone
Term
Secretions of the Ovaries - what happens if pregnancy does not occur?
Definition
secretion of the hormone stops and is followed by a mentrual period
Term
The Placenta - what happens during pregnancy, hormone wise?
Definition
the placenta secretes human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate the corpus luteum to continue producing the hormones required to maintain pregnancy
Term
Secretions of the Ovaries - what other hormone function related to pregnancy is involved?
Definition
stimulates hormones required to stimulate lactation after childbirth
Term
Pathology of the Gonads - hypergonadism
Definition
excessive hormone secretion by the sex glands
Term
Pathology of the Gonads - hypogonadism
Definition
deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
Term
Pathology of the Gonads - gynecomastia
Definition
excessive mammary development in the male
Term
Diabetic Emergencies
Definition
due to either too much or too little blood sugar
Term
Diabetic Emergencies, insulin shock
Definition
very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), treated by administering a sugury substance that can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream
Term
Diabetic Emergencies, Diabetic ketoacidosis, also known as?
Definition
diabetic coma, caused by very high blood sugar or hyperglycemia, prompt administration of insulin
