Term
| What types of signal molecules does the nervous system release |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of signal molecules does the endocrine system release |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are the hormones that are secreted by the endocrine system transported |
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Definition
| via the cardiovascular system |
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Term
| What does the nervous system transmit to target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the nervous system transport neurochemical impulses |
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Definition
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Term
| At what rate does the endocrine system take effect on target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| At what rate does the nervous system take effect on target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells does the endocrine system affect |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells does the nervous system affect |
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Definition
| primarily muscle and gland cells |
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Term
| How long does the effect from the endocrine system last |
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Definition
| it usually has a prolonged effect |
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Term
| How long do effects from the nervous system usually last |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones |
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Definition
| directly in the interstitial fluid |
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Term
| What happens to hormones once they reach the interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| they diffuse into the blood stream |
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Term
| What does the endocrine system consist of |
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Definition
| endocrine glands and hormone secreting cells |
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Term
| How many receptors can any given hormone bind to |
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Definition
| only one specific type of receptor |
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Term
| What does the number of receptors on any given cell depend upon |
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Definition
| the concentration of circulating hormones |
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Term
| What process occurs to cell receptors when there is an increase in circulating hormones |
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Definition
| down regulation-less receptors are made by cell |
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Term
| What does down regulation cause the target cell to become in terms of sensitivity |
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Definition
| less sensitive to the hormone |
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Term
| What process occurs to cell receptors when there is a decrease in the amount of circulating hormones |
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Definition
| up regulation-more receptors are made by cell |
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Term
| What does up regulation cause the target cell to become in terms of sensitivity |
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Definition
| it makes it more sensitive to hormones |
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Term
| What are two broad categories of hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| What category of hormones are the most common |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do circulating hormones take effect |
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Definition
| at target cells that are distant from the hormone secreting cells |
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Term
| How do circulating hormones reach their target cells |
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Definition
| they travel through the blood stream |
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Term
| What are the two types of local hormones |
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Definition
| paracrines and autocrines |
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Term
| How do local hormones reach their target cells |
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Definition
| they usually only travel through the interstitial fluid |
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Term
| What are the target cells of paracrines |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the target cells of autocrines |
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Definition
| the same cell that released the hormone |
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Term
| What are the two broad chemical classes of hormones |
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Definition
| lipid soluble hormones and water soluble hormones |
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Term
| What are the three types of lipid soluble hormones |
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Definition
| steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide |
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Term
| What are steroid hormones derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a steroid hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| What are thyroid hormones derived from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are two examples of thyroid hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is nitric oxide classified as |
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Definition
| both a hormone and a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What are the three types of water soluble hormones |
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Definition
| amine hormones, peptide hormones, eicosanoid hormones |
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Term
| What are amine hormones derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of amine hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| What are peptide hormones made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of peptide hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| What are eicosanoid hormones made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of eicosanoid hormones |
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Definition
| leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
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Term
| How are water soluble hormones transported in the blood |
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Definition
| they are freely suspended in plasma |
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Term
| How are lipid soluble hormones transported in the blood |
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Definition
| they are bound to transport proteins in the plasma |
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Term
| What are three functions of hormones |
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Definition
affect protein synthesis
alter membrane permeability
alter rate of chemical reactions |
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Term
| How many effects can a hormone have |
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Definition
| multiple depending on the type of cell it acts on |
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Term
| What is an example of a hormone having different effects on different cells |
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Definition
| insulin causes liver cells to produce glycogen but causes adipose cells to store fat |
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Term
| How do lipid soluble hormones get into the target cell |
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Definition
| they readily diffuse across the lipid bilayer membrane |
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Term
| What do lipid soluble hormones bind to |
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Definition
| receptors in the nucleus or cytosol of the target cell |
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|
Term
| What do lipid hormones do in terms of mechanism of action |
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Definition
| They alter gene expression by turning genes on or off |
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Term
| What do water soluble hormones bind to |
|
Definition
| receptors at the surface of the target cell |
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Term
| What is a water soluble hormone bound to its receptor called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the fist messenger cause |
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Definition
| activation of a second messenger |
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Term
| What does the second messenger cause |
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Definition
| a series of chemical reactions that result in the activation or deactivation of an enzyme |
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Term
| What do enzymes affect in the body |
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Definition
| specific physiological responses |
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Term
| What is needed for hormone secretion to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 stimuli that control hormone secretion |
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Definition
signals from nervous system
chemical changes in the blood
presence of another hormone |
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Term
| What are two types of hormones that regulate hormone secretion |
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Definition
| releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| What do releasing hormones do |
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Definition
| they stimulate hormone secretion |
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Term
| What do inhibiting hormones do |
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Definition
| they stop hormone secretion |
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Term
| What is the hypothalamus an integrating link between |
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Definition
| the nervous and endocrine systems |
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Term
| What are the two endocrine functions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
it secretes two regulatory hormones that control the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland
it produces two hormones that are secreted through the posterior pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are the two types of regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| What do releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus do |
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Definition
| stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland |
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Term
| What do inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus do |
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Definition
| causes the anterior pituitary gland to not release a certain hormone |
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