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secrete the chemical substances called hormones,
endocrine galnds are ductless glands-they secrete the jormones directly into the blood and not into dects. |
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| a hormone is a chemical messenger that influences or controles the activities of other tissues or organs. |
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| the study of the endocrine sstem is called endocrinology |
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| each hormone binds to a specific tissue, called its target tissue or organ |
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what is the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity? |
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| the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity, meaning that there is a specific hormone for each receptor. |
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)
the interaction of the hormone with its receptor stimulates the production of a second messenger such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) |
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate
the cAMP, in turn, helps activate the enzymes in the cell. |
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| three mechanisms control the secretion of hormones |
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megative feedback control
biorhythms
control by the central nervous system (CNS) |
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many of the endocrine galnds maintain normal plasma levels of their hormones through a mechanism called megative feedback.
most common means of control within the endocrine system
infomation about the ormone or the effects of that hormone are fed back to the galnd that secrets the hormone. |
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blood levels of most hormones are also controlled by boirhythms.
rhythmic alteration in a hormone's rate of secretion
circadian rhythm- 24hrs |
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1.activationof the hypothalamus
2.stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system |
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-hypophysis
-pea-size gland located in a depression of the sphenoid bone
-located under the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
-posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis) |
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-located below the thalamus
-secretes
-releasing hormones
-release-inhibiting hormones |
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adenohypophysis
-connects with the hypothalamus vis hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
6 major hormones |
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| hormones of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-growth hormine (GH)
-prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
-gonadtropic hormones
---follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal gland to secrete steroids especially cortisol |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) |
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growth hormone
stimulates the growth of bone and soft tissues |
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PRL also called lactogenic hormone
stimulates the breast to develop and produce milk |
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follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates development of ova and sperm |
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luteinizing hormone
causes ovulation in females, synthesizes and secretes testosterone in males |
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-neurohypophysis ( nerons connection)
-nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate release of posterior pituitary hormones |
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| the remaining hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. |
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| hormones of the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-oxytocin |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
-stimulates water reabsorbtion by the kidney and return it to the blood
-primary target organ: kidney
-dehydration
-elevates blood pressure
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-target organs: uterus and mannary glands
-stimulates the muscles of the uterus to contract during labor
-breastfeeding role: stimulates mammary glands to release breast milk (milk letdown reflex) |
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-located in the anterior neck
-in the front and sides of the trachea
is the largest of the endocrine glands and is located in the anterior nect, it is situated on the front and sides of the trachea.
the thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped and has two lobes connected by a band of tissue called the isthmus |
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-T3 and T4
-regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
-increase the rate of metabolism of most cells
-normal aturation of the CNS and for normal growth and development. |
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four tiny parathyroid glands lie along the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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parathyroid hormone
-increases the release of calcium from bone tissue called resorption
-stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine
-working with vitamind D, PTH increase the absorption of calcium by e digestive tract (intestine) |
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two small glands located above the kidneys
two retions:
--an inner medulla
--an outer cortex |
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outer region of the adrenal glands
secretes hormones called steroids.
three steroids:
--glucocorticoids = sugar
--mineralocorticoids = salt
--sex hormones = sex |
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steroids
what are the three steroids? |
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Definition
-lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol
three steroids:
--glucocorticoids = sugar
--mineralocorticoids = salt
--sex hormones = sex |
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affect carbohydrates
thy convert amino acids into glucose and help maintain blood glucose levels between meals.
this action ensures a steady supply of glucose for the brain and other cells. |
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the chief glucocorticoid
is a stress hormone in that it is secreted in greater amountsduring times of stress |
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| what is the chief mineralocorticoid? |
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Definition
aldosterone.
aldosterone plays an inportant role in the regulation of blood volume and bolld pressure and in the concentration of electrolytes, especially salt NaCl.
aldosterone is often called the salt-remaining hormone.
prinary target organ of aldosterone is the kidney. |
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steroid CAT
steroid cat secretes
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone |
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a long, slender organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, sxtending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen.
the pancreas funtions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland |
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Definition
the hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas
islets of langerhans have two types of cells:
alpha cells = secrete glucagon
beta cells = secrete insulin |
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Definition
released in response to increased blood levels of glucose as occures following a meal
the secretetion of insulin decrease as bolld levels of glucose decrease |
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| what insulin has effects on? |
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Definition
insulin helps transport glucose in the most cells.
helps control carbohydrate, protein, and fat metbolism in the cell
insulin promotes the making of fats from fatty acids. |
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| insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose. |
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| excess glucose in the blood |
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| excretion of a large volume of urine |
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| refers to excessive eating |
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| an excess of H+ in the blood cause it. |
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| fruity order to the breath |
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Definition
| the rapid, incomplete breakdown of fatty acids causes the formation of acetone, a ketone body. |
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a second pancreatic hormone, is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans.
its prinmary action is to increase blook glucose levels. |
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the gonads are the sex glands and refer to the ovaries in the female and to the testes in the male.
the gonads not only produce ova and sperm but also secrete hormones. the gonads are therefore Glands. |
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| what's the location of the thymus gland? |
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Definition
lines in the thoacic cavity behind the sternum.
secretes hormones called thymosins, which play a role in the immune system. |
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is a cone-shaped gland to located close to the thalamus in the brain.
body's "biological clock: controlling many of the biorhythms
it secretes a hormone called melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
affects the reproductive cycle by influencing the secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
- secual maturation
sleep-wake cycle.
melatonin secretion is lowest during daylight hrs and highest at night. |
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organ-specific hormones
KIDNEY |
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Definition
| kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which helps regulate red blood cell production. |
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-hormones derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid.
-regulation of smooth-muscle contraction and the inflammatory response.
-also thought to increase the sensitivity of nerve endings to pain. |
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