Term
Hypothalamus
location: inside cranial cavity, inferior to thalamus |
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Definition
What does it do? produce and stores hormones. Decreases and increases release of other hormones
Hormones secreted: TRH, PIH, PRH, GIH, GRH, regularatory hormones. |
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Term
Anterior Pituitary
Location: inferior to hypothalamus at base of brain |
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Definition
what does it do? releases hormones
hormones released: TSH, PRL, ACTH, GH, FSH (follicle stimulating) and LH (lutenising) |
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Term
Posterior Pituitary
Location: posterior to anterior pituitary, inferioir to hypothalamus |
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Definition
releases hormones
hormones released: oxytocin, antidiuretic
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Term
Thyroid gland
location: anterior to trachea, inferior to larynx |
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Definition
| Releases TH, T3 and T4 and calcitonin (decreased blood calcium) |
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Term
Parathyroid
location: superior, lateral and posterior to thyroid |
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Definition
opposite function of calcitonin - increases blood calcium
released: PTH |
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Term
Pancreas
location: abdominal cavity, posterior to stomach, attached to duodenum |
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Definition
| Produces: Insulin (decrease blood glucose), glucogen (increases blood glucose) |
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Term
Adrenal glands
location: 2x superior surface of kidneys |
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Definition
medulla: noradrenaline and adrenaline
cortex: corticoids, aldosterone and cortisol |
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Term
testes (male)
location: in scrotum |
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Definition
| produces: inhibin and testosterone |
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Term
ovaries (female)
location: lateral to uterus |
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Definition
| produces: estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
pineal
location: cranial cavity, inferior to hypothalamus |
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Definition
| produces: melatonin (body clock hormone) |
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Term
high blood levels of thyroid hormone suppress secretion of TRH and TSH
"R" = releasing
"S" = stimulating |
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Definition
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Term
| low blood levels of thryoid hormone suppress secretion of TRH and TSH |
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Definition
| FALSE. they INCREASE secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory substance produced in an organism transported through body to stimulate cells and tissues |
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Term
| Difference between exo (out) and endo (in) excretions? |
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Definition
exo - external, has ducts e.g. salivary glands
endo - internal, released in blood stream and travels through body |
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Term
| Why is important that small amounts of hormones are released all the time? |
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Definition
| cascade effect. more efficient, they bind with a particular target cell and respond, they are longer reaction times and longer lasting effects. |
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Term
| Why do hormones only affect certain cells? |
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Definition
| lock and key. cells have binding sites on receptors for certain jobs |
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Term
| 4 differences between nervous and endrocrine systems? |
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Definition
nervous: fast response, fast at stopping, deals with acute situations, transmission via neurons
endorcine: slow response, effects are prolonged / systemic, day to day changes, transmission of signals by hormones carried in blood |
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Term
| 3 things that stimulate hormone release? |
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Definition
1. change in blood level of substancee.g. blood glucose
2. change in blood level of hormones e.g. tropic h's from anterior pituitary
3. direct stimulation by nervous system of and endocrine gland e.g. adrenal medulla
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Term
| what is negative feedback? |
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Definition
| counteracts functions to get back to homeostasis. |
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Term
example of negative feedback?
example of positive feedback? |
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Definition
1. thermoregulation, blood calcium levels
2. breastfeeding, childbirth |
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Term
| four functions of endocrine system? |
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Definition
1. egulating development, growth and metabolism
2. maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
3. controlling digestive processes
4. controlling reproductive activities |
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Term
define these stimulations:
hormonal
humoral
nervous |
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Definition
hormonal: release of a hormone in response to another hormone
humoral: release of a hormone in response to changes in nutrient or ion level in blood
nervous: release of a hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system |
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Term
define and provide example of these types of hormones
steroids
biogenic amines
proteins
lipid soluble: must attach to carrier protein to be transported in blood
water soluble: dissolve in blood |
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Definition
steroids: lipid soluble formed from cholesterol e.g. estrogen, progesterone, testoterone, cortisol, aldosterone
biogenic amines: water soluble, derived from amino acid e.g. noradrenaline, adrenalin, thyroid hormone (not water soluble), melatonin
proteins: water soluble, contain amino acid chains e.g. antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
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Term
which of the following is NOT a general process controlled by the endocrine system?
a) development, growth, and metabolism
b control of reproductive activities
c) maintainence of homeostatic of blood composition
d) programmed cell death / destruction of aged cells |
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Definition
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Term
this hormone's primary function is to regulate metabolism.
a) calcitonin
b) thyroid hormone (TH)
c) growth hormone (GH)
d) glucogen |
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Definition
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Term
Anterior pituitary releases:
a) glucagon
b) growth hormone
c) melatonin
d) adrenalin |
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Definition
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Term
define:
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
glycogenesis: formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from smaller molecules |
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Term
define:
synergistic
permissive
antagonistic |
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Definition
synergistic: hormones work together to produce greater effect, e.g. female reproducative structures more powerful with presence of both estrogen and progesterone
permissive: first hormone allows action of second hormone: prolaction needed to produce breast milk, oxytocin is need for milk ejection
antagonistic: one hormone causes opposite effect of another hormone e.g. glucagon causing cell changes causing increased blood glucose levels and insulin which initiates changes to decrease blood glucose levels. |
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Term
| the parathyroid produces parathyroid hormone, what does this hormone do? |
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Definition
| increases blood calcium. calcitonin decreases calcium levels |
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Term
| what does aldosterone do? |
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Definition
| maintains blood NA and K levels, blood volume and pressure by controlling urine output |
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