Signal that is exclusively local

Travels in intertitial fluids

Is often hydrophobic

Often associated with the nervous system

Attach two organisms together; apply stimulus in only one organism. If both organisms respond, then it is most likely a hormone involved.

1. Peptides
2. Steroids
3. Amines

1. Liver breaks down glycogen for glucose
2. Heart beats faster and stronger to increase BP
3. Blood vessels to gut and sking constrict
4. Fat cells release fatty acids

If present, penis and scrotum form

Default: female reproductive organs

1. Diet
2. Metabolism
3. Excretion
4. Storage/removal from storage

1. Injected insulin without meal
2. Injected too much insulin

1. Too much insulin
2. Too little glucagon
3. Anorexia

1. Brain does not have enough glucose for metabolic needs
2. Dysphoria (state of feeling unwell or unhappy)
3. Seizures
4. Unconciousness
5. Brain damage
6. Death

1. Eat something with glucose
2. Inject glucagon
3. Surgical removal of pancreas
4. Medications- Gluccorticoids

1. Excess thrist
2. Excess hunger
3. Excess urine
4. Dry mouth and skin
5. Dehydration
6. Fatigue
7. Blurry vision
8. Erectile dysfunction
9. Weight loss
10. Frequent infection
11. Wounds heal slowly
12. Stupor
13. Coma
14. Cardiac arrhythmia
15. Ketoacidosis (excess breakdown of fatty acids)

1. Neuropathy
2. Cardiovascular damage
3. Retinopathy
4. Kidney problems
5. Foot and hand damage

1. Insulin treatments with monitoring diet
2. Replacement of pancreas
3. Replacement of islet cells of pancreas

1. Low insulin levels
2. Improper secretion of insulin
3. Reduced response to insulin in blood

1. Heredity
2. Lack of exercise
3. Obesity
4. Diet
5. Medication

1. Insulin treatments with monitoring of diet
2. Exercise
3. Oral medication
4. Bariatric surgery